Английская Википедия:Anêm language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:GeoGroupTemplate
The Anêm language is a Papuan language spoken in five main villages along the northwestern coast of New Britain, Papua New Guinea.
External relationships
Anêm may be related to neighboring Ata and possibly to Yélî Dnye. Stebbins et al. state that further data on Anêm and Ata would be useful for exploring the possible connection between them.[1]
Demographics
Anêm is spoken in the following villages of West New Britain Province:
- Malasoŋo (Шаблон:Coord) (where it is spoken alongside Bariai)
- Karaiai (Шаблон:Coord)
- Mosiliki (Шаблон:Coord)
- Pudêlîŋ (Шаблон:Coord)
- Atiatu (Шаблон:Coord) (where it is spoken alongside Lusi)
- Bolo (Шаблон:Coord) (where it is spoken alongside a version of Aria)
All of the villages above are located in Kove-Kaliai Rural LLG of West New Britain Province, except for Malasoŋo, which is located in Gurrissi ward of Gloucester Rural LLG, West New Britain Province.[2]
Anêm is also spoken by small numbers of people, mostly of Anêm descent, scattered among the surrounding villages. There are two main dialects.
Akiblîk, the dialect of Bolo, was near functional extinction in 1982, the youngest speaker then being about 35 years old. The main dialect is spoken in the other villages named above. There are about 800 speakers.
Phonology
Шаблон:Grapheme is listed as a post-velar trill in Thurston (1982),[3] but as a velar fricative in Stebbins (2018).[1]
Grammar
Anêm is notable for having at least 20 possessive classes.[4][5]
Syntax
Anêm is an accusative language with unmarked subject–verb–object word order in plain statements. Yes/no questions are indicated with an intonation contour rather than alterations in word order. Negation (not, not yet, don't) and completive aspect (already) are indicated by modality markers which occur in clause-final position. Tense is not indicated directly. There are three distinctions of mood (realis, irrealis and hortative). Realis refers to something that has happened or is happening; irrealis refers to future tense and hypotheticals; and hortative (only in third persons) is used in commands.
- Transitive clauses showing subject–verb–object order:
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
- Negative markers are clause final:
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
- Hortative mood:
Nouns
Anêm nouns are distinguished syntactically for gender, masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns are followed by demonstratives or relative pronouns that begin with /l/ while feminine nouns are followed by demonstratives or relative pronouns that begin with /s/. In addition, both subject prefixes and some object suffixes agree in gender with the noun they refer to:
- Masculine and feminine gender forms of demonstratives:
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
- Gender agreement by subject prefix and object suffix:
There are 20 possession classes in Anêm. Meanings vary depending on the assigned noun class, as shown in the examples below, with ki ‘hair’ as the noun root.[1]
- ki-l-e ‘my hair (head)’
- ki-ŋ-e ‘my hair (pubic)’
- ki-g-a ‘my hair (body)’
Vocabulary
100-word Swadesh list of Anêm:[3]Шаблон:Rp
gloss Anêm I ue you (sg.) nin we miŋ / mîn this (masc.) ler this (fem.) ser that (masc.) lan that (fem.) san who? mên what? gîmên not mantu all buno many buno one mîdê two niak big omba long sêgêl small boid woman dobalîŋ man axaŋ person doxam fish ia bird êknîn dog kaua louse seim tree aŋ seed lali leaf ki root zilŋon bark palau skin palau flesh be blood esin bone exe grease êmzêk egg nil horn tail taba feather ki hair ki head og ear gêt eye ei nose piŋi mouth boŋ tooth lo tongue êlêŋ claw gi foot ti knee bol hand tîm belly êtêl neck agîm breasts i heart dokam liver êl drink -ik eat bite -ŋai see -kê hear -degiŋ know -pun sleep -sêm / -tel die -zik / -lkîl kill -b / -pel swim -us fly -iê walk -li come -mên lie -sêm / -tel sit -sîk / -sîl stand -lîk / -lul give -sn say -ual sun ado moon klîŋ star eilî water komu rain iuo stone pa sand iabu earth eidî cloud olok smoke bîl fire kmî ash goxub burn -pma path iuŋ mountain êbêt red êxiêk green / blue biê yellow iaŋo white iagu black kŋîx night nib hot êŋîl cold epen full êpêx new masîk good leim round puax dry pît name eŋi
See also
Further reading
- Thurston, William R. 1982. A comparative study in Anem and Lusi. Pacific Linguistics B-83. Canberra: Australian National University.
References
Шаблон:Papuan languages Шаблон:Languages of Papua New Guinea
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Thurston, William. 1982. A comparative study of Anêm and Lusi. Pacific Linguistics: Series B, 83. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
