Английская Википедия:Anacreon
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About
Anacreon (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre; Шаблон:Circa BC)Шаблон:Sfn was a Greek lyric poet, notable for his drinking songs and erotic poems. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of Nine Lyric Poets. Anacreon wrote all of his poetry in the ancient Ionic dialect. Like all early lyric poetry, it was composed to be sung or recited to the accompaniment of music, usually the lyre. Anacreon's poetry touched on universal themes of love, infatuation, disappointment, revelry, parties, festivals and the observations of everyday people and life.
Life
Anacreon lived in the sixth century BC. He was likely born in the 570s BC: Hans Bernsdorff says c.575,Шаблон:Sfn David Campbell says c.570.Шаблон:Sfn The Suda reports four possible names for his father: Eumelus, Aristocritus, Parthenius, and Scythinus.Шаблон:Sfn Ancient sources agree that Anacreon came from Teos, on the coast of Ionia (modern Turkey);Шаблон:Sfn this tradition is attested as early as Herodotus,Шаблон:Sfn and at least one of Anacreon's fragments mentions the city.Шаблон:Sfn When Teos was conquered by Persia in the 540s BC, the Teians moved to Abdera, Thrace;Шаблон:Sfn Anacreon was probably already an adult.Шаблон:Sfn
Anacreon spent time in Samos. According to Himerius, he was invited there to educate Polycrates, the future tyrant of Samos, who Strabo reports was one of the main subjects of his poetry.Шаблон:Sfn If Himerius is correct and Anacreon arrived on Samos before Polycrates became tyrant, this would have been before 530 BC.Шаблон:Sfn From Samos, Anacreon moved to Athens on the invitation of Hipparchus, presumably some time after Hipparchus came to power in 528/7; according to Herodotus he was still on Samos in 522 when Polycrates was murdered.Шаблон:Sfn
Ancient sources do not record if or when Anacreon left Athens. He may have left after the assassination of his patron Hipparchus in 514, or the expulsion of Hipparchus' brother Hippias in 510, though there is some evidence of his presence in the city later than this.Шаблон:Sfn Two epigrams from the Greek Anthology suggest that he spent some time in Thessaly,Шаблон:Sfn though Gregory Hutchinson doubts this tradition.Шаблон:Sfn He probably died at the beginning of the fifth century: Hutchinson says around 500,Шаблон:Sfn Bernsdorff suggests 495,Шаблон:Sfn and Campbell says 485.Шаблон:Sfn According to Valerius Maximus he died by choking on a grape seed, though this is generally considered apocryphal.Шаблон:Sfn An epigram in the Greek anthology says that his tomb was on Teos.Шаблон:Sfn
Poetry
Form and style
Anacreon wrote all of his poetry in the ancient Ionic dialect. Like all early lyric poetry, it was composed to be sung or recited to the accompaniment of music, usually the lyre. Anacreon's verses were primarily in the form of monody rather than for a chorus.
In keeping with Greek poetic tradition, his poetry relied on the meter for its construction. Metrical poetry is a particularly rhythmic form, deriving its structure from patterns of phonetic features within and between the lines of verse. The phonetic patterning in Anacreon's poetry, like all the Greek poetry of the day, is found in the structured alternation of "long" and "short" syllables. The Ionic dialect also had a tonal aspect to it that lends a natural melodic quality to the recitation. Anacreon's meters include the anacreonteus.
The Greek language is particularly well suited to this metrical style of poetry but the sound of the verses does not easily transfer to English. As a consequence, translators have historically tended to substitute rhyme, stress rhythms, stanzaic patterning and other devices for the style of the originals, with the primary, sometimes only, connection to the Greek verses being the subject matter. More recent translators have tended to attempt a more spare translation which, though losing the sound of the originals, may be more true to their flavor. A sample of a translation in the English rhyming tradition is included below.
Themes and subjects
Anacreon's poetry touched on universal themes of love, infatuation, disappointment, revelry, parties, festivals, and observations of everyday people and life. It is the subject matter of Anacreon's poetry that helped to keep it familiar and enjoyable to generations of readers and listeners. His widespread popularity inspired countless imitators, which also kept his name alive.
Anacreon had a reputation as a composer of hymns, as well as of those bacchanalian and amatory lyrics which are commonly associated with his name. Two short hymns to Artemis and Dionysus, consisting of eight and eleven lines respectively, stand first amongst his few undisputed remains, as printed by recent editors. But hymns, especially when addressed to such deities as Aphrodite, Eros and Dionysus, are not so very unlike what we call "Anacreontic" poetry as to make the contrast of style as great as the word might seem to imply. The tone of Anacreon's lyric effusions has probably led to an unjust estimate, by both ancients and moderns, of the poet's personal character. The "triple worship" of the Muses, Wine and Love, ascribed to him as his religion in an old Greek epigram,[1] may have been as purely professional in the two last cases as in the first, and his private character on such points was probably neither much better nor worse than that of his contemporaries. Athenaeus remarks acutely that he seems at least to have been sober when he wrote. His character was an issue, because, according to Pausanias, his statue on the Acropolis of Athens depicts him as drunk.[2] He himself strongly repudiates, as Horace does, the brutal characteristics of intoxication as fit only for barbarians and Scythians.[3][4]
Of the five books of lyrical pieces by Anacreon which the Suda and Athenaeus mention as extant in their time, only the merest fragments exist today, collected from the citations of later writers.[3]
A collection of poems by numerous, anonymous imitators was long believed to be the works of Anacreon himself. Known as the Anacreontea, it was preserved in a 10th-century manuscript which also included the Palatine Anthology. The poems themselves appear to have been composed over a long period of time, from the time of Alexander the Great until the time that paganism gave way in the Roman Empire. They reflect the light-hearted elegance of much of Anacreon's genuine works although they were not written in the same Ionic Greek dialect that Anacreon used. They also display literary references and styles more common to the time of their actual composition.
A translated poem
Typical of most efforts at translation, this 19th-century one by Walter Headlam takes the subject matter of Anacreon's verses and works them into a rhyming style typical of the English poetry written in Headlam's day. The subject of the poem still remains: Anacreon complaining that a young woman, whom he compares to a Thracian filly, does not recognize his amatory skills. Шаблон:Quote
Reception
Ancient
Anacreon was already famous in his own lifetime,Шаблон:Sfn depicted on Athenian red-figure vase paintings while he was still alive.Шаблон:Sfn His writings influenced fifth-century Athenian drama, as tragedy adopted his metres, while several surviving comic fragments mention him, and Aristophanes included adaptations of Anacreon's poems in his plays.Шаблон:Sfn Ancient philosophical and moralistic writers were divided on Anacreon, with some, such as Plato, portraying him as a wise man, while others condemned him for being too concerned with drunkenness and lust.Шаблон:Sfn
By the Hellenistic period, a cariacature of Anacreon as drunken and lustful was established;Шаблон:Sfn the poems inspired by Anacreon known as the Anacreontea, composed between the first century BC and the sixth century AD,Шаблон:Sfn imitate him in both theme and metre, particularly his erotic and sympotic poetry, while avoiding themes present in Anacreon but which fall outside of the stereotype of him.Шаблон:Sfn
Anacreon was respected as a poet, included in the canon of nine lyric poets.Шаблон:Sfn The Hellenistic poet Callimachus' "Lock of Berenice" is an adaptation of a poem by Anacreon,Шаблон:Sfn Ovid and Propertius allude to him,Шаблон:Sfn and he was an important influence on Horace, who refers to him three times in his poetry and frequently alludes to his work.Шаблон:Sfn
Modern
The anacreontic meter continued to be used into the medieval period, though the direct influence of Anacreon is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn The Anacreontea were the most important influence on Anacreon's later reception,Шаблон:Sfn with the edition of Henricus Stephanus in 1554 initiating a trend for short and playful "Anacreontic" poetry.Шаблон:Sfn In the early modern period, Anacreon's poetry was translated into Latin as well as into the vernacular, and poets started once again to adapt his works.Шаблон:Sfn The European Anacreontic movement reached its height in the eighteenth century,Шаблон:Sfn with Anacreontic groups in Germany, France, and Britain including the London Anacreontic Society (1772–1779).Шаблон:Sfn
In the visual arts, Anacreon was largely shown in a biographical or literary context: Raphael painted him in the company of Sappho in Parnassus, while a caricature by Honoré Daumier illustrates the ancient story that he choked to death on a grape seed.Шаблон:Sfn The ancient stereotype of Anacreon as the elderly, drunken poet of love was illustrated by Nicolas Poussin and Jean-Léon Gérôme.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios, Sappho in the Making: The Early Reception, Cambridge, Mass., 2007.
External links
Шаблон:Wikiquote Шаблон:Wikisource author
Шаблон:Lyric poets Шаблон:Authority control
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Ancient Greek poets
- Nine Lyric Poets
- 580s BC births
- 480s BC deaths
- 5th-century BC Greek people
- 6th-century BC poets
- Ionic Greek poets
- Poets of ancient Ionia
- Ancient Greek erotic poets
- Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology
- Ancient Greek LGBT people
- Greek LGBT poets
- People from Teos
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
.JPG){kind=link}