Английская Википедия:Anacrusis
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In poetic and musical meter, and by analogy in publishing, an anacrusis (from Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, Шаблон:Lang, literally: 'pushing up', plural anacruses) is a brief introduction (distinct from a literary or musical introduction, foreword, or preface).
It is a set of syllables or notes, or a single syllable or note, which precedes what is considered the first foot of a poetic line (or the first syllable of the first foot) in poetry and the first beat (or the first beat of the first measure) in music that is not its own phrase, section, or line and is not considered part of the line, phrase, or section which came before, if any.
Poetry
In poetry, a set of extrametrical syllables at the beginning of a verse is said to stand in anacrusis (Шаблон:Lang-grc "pushing up"). "An extrametrical prelude to the verse,"[1] or, "extrametrical unstressed syllables preceding the initial lift."[2] The technique is seen in Old English poetry,[3] and in lines of iambic pentameter, the technique applies a variation on the typical pentameter line causing it to appear at first glance as trochaic.Шаблон:Citation needed Below, the anacrusis in the fourth line of William Blake's poem "The Tyger" (with punctuation modernized) is in italics:
The poem is in trochaic tetrameter, in which the first syllable of each line is expected to be stressed, but the fourth line begins with the additional unstressed syllable "Could".[4]
Music
In music, an anacrusis (also known as a pickup, or fractional pick-up[5]) is a note or sequence of notes, a motif, which precedes the first downbeat in a bar in a musical phrase.[6] "The span from the beginning of a group to the strongest beat in the group."[7] Anacrusis, especially reoccurring anacrusis (anacrusis motif played before every measure or every other measure), "is a common means of weighting the first beat,"[8] and thus strengthening or articulating the meter.
The term is borrowed from the terminology of poetry. Anacruses may involve fine details such as rhythm and phrasing or may involve wider features such as musical form (such as when used repeatedly).
The anacrusis is a perceived grouping which is context generated in the individual phrasing of a concrete composition. The grouping of one or more antecedent tone events to a perceived phrase gestalt may be rhythmically evoked by their temporal proximity to the phrase's first downbeat (perceived phrase onset).
Although the anacrusis is integrated in a musical phrase gestalt (grouped to it), it is not located in the perceived 'body' of the phrase (which is spanning from its first downbeat to its ending beat) but before the phrase (hence the German term "Auftakt"; literally: "upbeat"). In this respect – in a sequence of phrases – the anacrusis also may be perceived 'between' two phrases, neither being perceived as part of the ending of a former one, nor being located in the following one.
Outside of that the term of the anacrusis is most commonly used where it applies everywhere else 'within' the 'body' of the phrase between the 'head' (first downbeat) and the 'foot' (ending beat) where, by what ever musical means, a grouping is perceived from an upbeat to a downbeat (especially also to the phrases ending beat).
Since an anacrusis "is an incomplete measure that allows the composition [or section or phrase] to start on a beat other than one,"[9] if an anacrusis is present, the first bar after the anacrusis is assigned bar number 1, and Western standards for musical notation often include the recommendation that when a piece of music begins with an anacrusis, the notation should omit a corresponding number of beats from the final bar of the piece, or the final bar before a repeat sign, in order to keep the length of the entire piece at a whole number of bars. This final partial measure is the complement. However, an anacrusis may last an entire bar.Шаблон:Cn
Examples
- In the song "Happy Birthday to You", Happy is the anacrusis and the accent is on the first syllable of Birthday.
- In "The Star-Spangled Banner", the word O! in the first line is an anacrusis in the music:
x / x x / x x / x x / Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's ear- ly light . . .
- At the beginning of the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine", "In the" is the anacrusis, while "town" falls on the downbeat.
Other fields
In academic publishing, the term is sometimes used in an article to mark an introductory idea standing between the abstract and the introduction proper.[10]
See also
References
- ↑ Clemoes, Peter; Keynes, Simon; and Lapidge, Michael; eds. (2007). Anglo-Saxon England, Volume 16, p. 103. Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Terasawa, Jun (2011). Old English Metre: An Introduction, p.45. University of Toronto. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Maiello, Anthony Joseph; Bullock, Jack; and Clark, Larry (1996). Conducting: A Hands-on Approach, p.95. Alfred Music. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Lerdahl, Fred and Jackendoff, Ray (1985). A Generative Theory of Tonal Music, p.30. MIT. Шаблон:ISBN;
- ↑ Yaraman, Sevin H. (2002). Revolving Embrace: The Waltz as Sex, Steps, and Sound, p.25-7. Pendragon Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Purse, Bill (2003). The Finale NotePad Primer, p. 64. Hal Leonard. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ An example of this use can be seen at Шаблон:Cite journal
