Английская Википедия:Anania Shirakatsi
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox philosopher Anania Shirakatsi (Шаблон:Lang-xcl, Шаблон:Transliteration, anglicized: Ananias of Shirak) was a 7th-century Armenian polymath and natural philosopher, author of extant works covering mathematics, astronomy, geography, chronology, and other fields. Little is known for certain of his life outside of his own writings, but he is considered the father of the exact and natural sciences in Armenia—the first Armenian mathematician, astronomer,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and cosmographer.Шаблон:Sfn
A part of the Armenian Hellenizing School and one of the few secular scholars in medieval Armenia, Anania was educated primarily by Tychicus, in Trebizond. He composed science textbooks and the first known geographic work in classical Armenian (Ashkharhatsuyts),Шаблон:Sfn which provides detailed information about Greater Armenia, Persia and the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania).
In mathematics, his accomplishments include the earliest known table of results of the four basic operations,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the earliest known collection of recreational math puzzles and problems,Шаблон:Sfn and the earliest book of math problems in Armenian.Шаблон:Sfn He also devised a system of mathematical notation based on the Armenian alphabet, although he was the only writer known to have used it.
Name
His name is usually anglicized as Ananias of Shirak (Шаблон:Transliteration).[1] Anania is the Armenian variant of the biblical name Ananias, itself the Greek version of the Hebrew Hananiah.Шаблон:Sfn The second part of his name denotes his place of origin, the region of Shirak,Шаблон:Sfn though it may have become a sort of surname.Шаблон:Sfn In some manuscripts, he is called Shirakuni (Шаблон:Lang) and Shirakavants’i (Шаблон:Lang).[2]
Life
Background
AnaniaШаблон:Efn Shirakatsi lived in the 7th century.[4] The dates of his birth and death have not been definitively established. Robert H. Hewsen noted in 1968 that Anania is widely believed to have been born between 595 and 600;Шаблон:Sfn a quarter-century later he settled on c. 610 as a birthdate and 685 as the year he died.Шаблон:Sfn Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. place his birth in early 600s but agree on 685.Шаблон:Sfn James R. Russell, Edward G. Mathews, and Theo van Lint also concur with 610–685,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn while Greenwood suggests c. 600–670.Шаблон:Sfn Vardanyan places his death in the early 690s.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania is the only classical Armenian scholar to have written an autobiography.Шаблон:Sfn It is a brief text, characterized as "somewhat self-congratulatory"Шаблон:Sfn and "more a statement of academic pedigree" than autobiography.Шаблон:Sfn It was probably written as the preface to one of his scholarly works, possibly the K’nnikon.Шаблон:Sfn He was the son of Yovhannes and was born in the village of Anania/Aneank’ (Шаблон:Lang) or in the town of Shirakavan (Yerazgavors),[5] in the canton of Shirak, in the central Armenian province of Ayrarat.[6] Aneank' may be connected to the later city of Ani, the Bagratid Armenian capital.[7]
Anania probably came from a noble family.Шаблон:Sfn Since his name is sometimes spelled as Shirakuni (Шаблон:Lang), Hewsen argued that he may have belonged to the house of the Kamsarakan or Arsharuni princes of Shirak and Arsharunik’, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Greenwood suggests that it is more likely that Anania came from the lesser nobility in Shirak, who served the house of Kamsarakan.Шаблон:Sfn Broutian describes his father as a "minor Armenian nobleman."Шаблон:Sfn Vardanyan believes he either came from the Kamsarakan family or that they were his patrons.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania is traditionally thought to have been buried in the village of Anavank’; however, the tradition probably originated from the name of the village.Шаблон:Sfn
Education
Anania received his early education at the local Armenian schools, possibly at Dprevank’ monastery,Шаблон:Sfn where he studied sacred texts and earlier Armenian authors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Due to the lack of teachers and books in Armenia, he decided to travel to the Byzantine Empire to study mathematics.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After first traveling to Theodosiopolis, then to the Byzantine-controlled province of Fourth Armenia (probably Martyropolis),Шаблон:Sfn where he studied under the mathematician Christosatur for six months.Шаблон:Sfn He then left to find a better teacher and learned about Tychicus,Шаблон:Efn who was based at the monastery (or martyrium) of Saint Eugenios in Trebizond.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Redgate placed this in the 620s.Шаблон:Sfn Greenwood has speculated that Tychicus, not mentioned elsewhere, may actually be Stephanus of Alexandria.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania devoted a significant part of his autobiography to Tychicus (born c. 560), with whom he spent eight years in the 620s or 630s.[8] Tychicus had studied the Armenian language and its literature while serving in the Byzantine army in Armenia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Wounded by the Persians, he retired from the military and later studied in Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tychicus later returned to his native Trebizond, where he established a school c. 615.Шаблон:Sfn Tychicus taught many students from Constantinople (including from the imperial court) and was renowned among Byzantine kings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He provided Anania special attention and taught him what Anania called a "perfect knowledge of mathematics".Шаблон:Sfn In Tychicus's vast library, Anania found "everything, exoteric and esoteric",Шаблон:Sfn including sacred and secular Greek authors, including works on the sciences, medicine, chronology, and history.[9] Russell believed his library may have included Pythagorean and alchemical books.Шаблон:Sfn Anania considered Tychicus to have been "predestined by God for the introduction of science into Armenia."Шаблон:Sfn
Educator and scientist
Anania himself established a school in Armenia upon his return.Шаблон:Sfn That school, the first in Armenia to teach quadrivium, is presumed to have been located in his native Shirak.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was disappointed with the laziness of his students and their departure after learning the basics.Шаблон:Sfn Anania complained about Armenians' lack of interest in mathematics,Шаблон:Sfn writing that they "love neither learning, nor knowledge."Шаблон:Sfn Nicholas Adontz considered it an exaggeration, "if not an absolute slander, to deny the Armenian innate love of investigation."Шаблон:Sfn The 12th-century chronicler Samuel of Ani listed five of Shirakatsi's students,Шаблон:Sfn who are otherwise unknown.Шаблон:Sfn Anania financed his research in several fields with the money he earned teaching.Шаблон:Sfn
Relationship with the church
Thomson wrote that as a lay scholar, Anania was a "rarity in early Armenia."Шаблон:Sfn Hewsen termed him the only lay classical Armenian author besides Grigor Magistros,Шаблон:Sfn adding that he had a close relationship with the Armenian Church.Шаблон:Sfn Malachia Ormanian did not list him among lay authors.Шаблон:Efn Hacikyan et al. describe Anania as a "devout Christian and well versed in the Bible" who "made some attempts to reconcile science and Scripture."Шаблон:Sfn In his later years, Anania may have been a monk in the Armenian Church.Шаблон:Sfn This is based on his religious discourses and attempts to date the feasts of the church.Шаблон:Sfn John A. C. Greppin doubts that Anania was ever in any religious order.Шаблон:Sfn Several scholars consider him a church ideologist akin to Cosmas Indicopleustes, whom he actually criticized.Шаблон:Sfn
Hewsen noted that some of Anania's "more revolutionary ideas" were suppressed by the Armenian Church after his death.Шаблон:Sfn Greppin suggested that Anania, a largely secular author, had fallen into a "bad clerical odor."Шаблон:Sfn S. Peter Cowe disagreed with Ashot G. Abrahamian's hypothesis that his name was "censored in the Middle Ages because of ecclesiastical disapproval" and argued that it is "more applicable to Soviet practice than that of the relatively tolerant Armenian and other eastern churches."Шаблон:Sfn Soviet historians represented him as a founder of irreligious and anti-clerical thought in Armenia, who pioneered double-truth theory.Шаблон:Sfn Vazgen Chaloyan called him a "progressive representative of the feudal period of Armenian science."Шаблон:Sfn Gevorg Khrlopian went as far as to argue that Anania was an enemy of the Armenian Church and fought against its obscurantism.Шаблон:Sfn Hewsen opposed this view, suggesting that, instead, he was an "independent thinker of sorts."Шаблон:Sfn
Philosophy
Anania is considered by modern scholars to be a representative of the Hellenizing School since many of his works were based on classical Greek sources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was the first Armenian scholar to have "imported a set of scientific notions, and examples of their applications, from the Greek-speaking schools" into Armenia.Шаблон:Sfn He was well versed in Greek literature,Шаблон:Sfn and the influence of Greek syntax is evident in his works.Шаблон:Sfn Anania was also knowledgeable about native Armenian and Iranian cultural traditions;Шаблон:Sfn several of his works provide important information on late Sassanian Iran.Шаблон:Sfn
James R. Russell describes him an alchemist and a Pythagorean who "does not usually rely on mythology to explain natural phenomena.Шаблон:Sfn Anania accepted the importance of experience, observation, rational practice and theory, and was influenced by the ideas of the 5th-century Neoplatonist philosopher Davit Anhaght (the Invincible), and Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus, Hippocrates, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Zeno of Citium, Epicurus, Ptolemy, Pappus of Alexandria, and Cosmas Indicopleustes.Шаблон:Sfn Aristotle's On the Heavens had a significant influence on Anania's thought.Шаблон:Sfn According to Gevorg Khrlopian, Anania was heavily influenced by Yeghishe's An Interpretation of Creation, the anonymous Interpretation of the Categories of Aristotle, and the works of Davit Anhaght,Шаблон:Sfn who had established Neoplatonism in Armenian thought.Шаблон:Sfn Anania was also the first Armenian scholar to quote Philo of Alexandria.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania was the last known lay scholar in Christian Armenia until Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni in the 11th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He advocated rationalism in studying nature and attacked superstitious beliefs and astrology as the "babblings of the foolish."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He adopted the classical theory of four elements, which considered all matter to be composed of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth. He believed that while God directly created these elements, He did not interfere with the "natural course of the development of things." He asserted that the creation, existence, and decay of natural bodies and phenomena occurred through the union of these elements—without the interference of God.Шаблон:Sfn Both living and non-living matter came into existence from a synthesis of the four elements.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania accepted that the Earth is round, describing it as "like an egg with a spherical yolk (the globe) surrounded by a layer of white (the atmosphere) and covered with a hard shell (the sky)."Шаблон:Sfn He accurately explained solar and lunar eclipses, the phases of the Moon, and the structure of the Milky Way,Шаблон:Sfn describing the latter as a "mass of dense but faintly luminous stars."Шаблон:Sfn Anania also correctly attributed tides to the influence of the Moon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He described the topmost sphere as the aether (Шаблон:Transliteration), the source of light and heat (through the Sun).Шаблон:Sfn
Works
Anania was a polymath and natural philosopher.[10] About 40 works in various disciplines have been attributed to Anania, but only half are extant. They include studies and translations in mathematics, astronomy, cosmology, geography, chronology, and meteorology.Шаблон:Sfn Many of his works are believed to have been part of the K’nnikon (Шаблон:Lang, from "canon", Greek: Kanonikon), completed circa 666,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and used as the standard science textbook in medieval Armenia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Greenwood, the K’nnikon was a "fluid compilation, whose contents fluctuated over time, reflecting the interests and resources of different teachers and practitioners."Шаблон:Sfn
Modern scholars have praised Anania's writing as concise, simple, and to the point, retaining the reader's attention and citing examples to illustrate his point.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Mathematical
Anania was primarily devoted to mathematics,Шаблон:Sfn which he considered the "mother of all knowledge."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His mathematical books were used as textbooks in Armenia.Шаблон:Sfn
Of Anania's several mathematical works, the most important is the book of arithmetic (Hamaroghut’iun, Шаблон:Lang; or T’vabanut’iun, Шаблон:Lang),Шаблон:Sfn a comprehensive collection of tables on the four basic operations.Шаблон:Sfn It is the earliest extant known work of its kind.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The operations reach up to a total of 80 million, which is the highest number.Шаблон:Sfn A possible theoretical part is believed lost.Шаблон:Sfn
Problems and Solutions (alternatively translated as On Questions and Answers), a collection of 24 arithmetical problems and their solutions, is based on the application of fractions;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn it is the earliest such work in Armenian. Many of its problems allude to real-world situations: six connect to the princely house of Shirak, the Kamsarakans,Шаблон:Sfn and at least three to Iran.Шаблон:Sfn Greenwood calls the problems "a rich source for seventh-century history whose value has not been sufficiently recognized."Шаблон:Sfn
The third work, probably an appendix of the book of arithmetic, is titled Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang), literally "things for festive occasions". It has been translated into English as Mathematical Pastimes,Шаблон:Sfn Fun with Arithmetic or Problems for Amusement. It also contains 24 problems "intended for mathematical entertainment in social gatherings."Шаблон:Sfn According to Mathews this may be the oldest extant text of its kind.Шаблон:Sfn
Numerical notation
For his mathematical works, Anania developed a unique numerical notation based on 12 letters of the Armenian alphabet. For the units, he used the first nine letters of the Armenian script (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang), similar to the standard traditional Armenian numerical system. The letters used for 10, 100, and 1000 were also identical to the traditional Armenian system (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang), but all other numbers up to 10,000 were written using these 12 letters. For instance, 50 would be written Шаблон:Lang (5×10) and not Шаблон:Lang as in the standard system. Thus, the notation is multiplicative-additive as opposed to the ciphered-additive standard system and requires knowing 12 letters, instead of 36, to write numbers less than 10,000. Numbers greater than that could be written using multiplicative combinations of just 2 or 3 signs, but using all 36 letters.Шаблон:Sfn
Stephen Chrisomalis believes this system was created by Anania since it only occurs in his works and is not found in Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, or any other alphabetic numeral system.Шаблон:Sfn Allen Shaw has argued it was just a variant of the Armenian numerals designed specifically for the representation of large numbers.Шаблон:Sfn No other writer used it.Шаблон:Sfn
Astronomical
One of Anania's most significant works is the Cosmology (Шаблон:Lang, Tiezeragitut’iun).Шаблон:Sfn Abrahamian's version is composed of ten chapters, with an introduction titled "In the Fulfillment of a Promise", implying a patron.Шаблон:Sfn It covers the sun, the moon, celestial spheres, constellations, the Milky Way, and meteorological changes.[11]
Works used for the parts of the Cosmology include the Bible (mostly the Pentateuch and Psalms) and works by the Church Fathers. Anania cites the work of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory the Illuminator, and Amphiolocus (perhaps, of Iconium).Шаблон:Sfn Some chapters of the work, such as "On Clouds" (also called "On the Sky" or "Concerning the Skies"), are largely based on Basil's Hexameron.[12] Anania also repeats the classical Greek notions in the fields of astronomy, physics or meteorology.Шаблон:Sfn Pambakian wrote about the significance of the Cosmology: Шаблон:Quote frame Another of Anania's astronomical works, Tables of the Motions of the Moon (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transliteration),Шаблон:Sfn is based on the works of Meton of Athens and his own observations.Шаблон:Sfn
Perpetual calendar
In 667 Anania was invited by Catholicos Anastas I of Akori (r. 661/2–667) to the Armenian Church's central seat at Dvin to establish a fixed calendar of the movable and immovable feasts of the Armenian Church.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The result was a perpetual calendar based on a 532-year cycle (Шаблон:Lang),Шаблон:Sfn combining the solar cycle and the lunar cycle since they coincide every 532 years. It was first proposed by Victorius of Aquitaine in 457 and adopted by the Church of Alexandria.Шаблон:Sfn Anania's calendar was never implemented by the Armenian Church;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi believes that Anastas's death prevented a church council from ratifying it.Шаблон:Sfn
Geographical
The AshkharhatsuytsШаблон:Sfn (Classical Armenian: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transliteration, lit. "showing the world") is an anonymously published world map, believed to have been written sometime between 610 and 636.Шаблон:Sfn According to Elizabeth Redgate, it was written "probably shortly before AD 636".Шаблон:Sfn Its authorship has been disputed in the modern period; formerly believed to have been the work of Movses Khorenatsi, most scholars now attribute it to Anania.[13] Hewsen calls it "one of the most valuable works to come down to us from Armenian antiquity."Шаблон:Sfn
The Armenian Geography—as it is alternatively known—has been especially important for research into the history and geography of Greater Armenia, the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania) and the Sasanian Empire,Шаблон:Sfn which are all described in detail.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The territories are described before the Arab invasions and conquests.Шаблон:Sfn The information on Armenia is not found elsewhere in historical sources,Шаблон:Sfn as it is the only known Armenian geographical work prior to the 13th century.Шаблон:Sfn
The Ashkharhatsuyts has survived in long and short recensions.Шаблон:Sfn According to the scholarly consensus, the long recension was the original.Шаблон:Sfn For the description of Europe, North Africa and Asia (all the known world from Spain to China),Шаблон:Sfn it largely uses Greek sources, namely the now lost geography of Pappus of Alexandria (4th century), which in turn, is based on the Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Hewsen, it is the "last work based on ancient geographical knowledge written before the Renaissance."Шаблон:Sfn Edmond Schütz called it an "outstanding work of medieval sciences, a rich post-Ptolemaid heredity."[14]
It was one of the earliest secular Armenian works to be published (in 1668 by Voskan Yerevantsi).Шаблон:Sfn It has been translated into four languages: English, Latin (both 1736), French (1819), and Russian (1877).Шаблон:Sfn In 1877, Kerovbe Patkanian first attributed it to Anania as the most probable author.Шаблон:Sfn
Another geographical work of Anania, The Itinerary (Шаблон:Lang, Mghonach’ap’k’), may have been a part of the Ashkharhatsuyts. It presents six routes from Dvin, Armenia's capital at that time, to the major settlements in different directions, with distances in miles (մղոն, mghon), referring to the Arabic mile of Шаблон:Convert, according to Hakob Manandian.Шаблон:Sfn
Chronology
Anania's major chronological work, the Chronicle, listed important events in order of their occurrence.Шаблон:Sfn Written between 686 and 690, it is composed of two parts: a universal chronicle, utilizing the lost works of Annianus of Alexandria and the lost Roman imperial sequence from Eusebius's Chronographia, and an ecclesiastical history from a miaphysite perspective, which records the six ecumenical councils.Шаблон:Sfn
Another chronological work, known as the Calendar (Tomar), included texts and tables about the calendars of 15 peoples: Armenians, Hebrews, Arabs, Macedonians, Romans, Syrians, Greeks, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Athenians, Bythanians, Cappadocians, Georgians, Caucasian Albanians, and Persians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The calendars of the Armenians, Romans, Hebrews, Syrians, Greeks, and Egyptians contain texts, while those of other peoples only have the names of months and their length.Шаблон:Sfn
Other
Anania wrote several books on weights and measures. He extensively used the work of Epiphanius of Salamis to present the system of weights used by the Greeks, Jews, and Syrians, and his own knowledge as well as other sources for those of the Armenians and Persians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Anania wrote several works on precious stones,Шаблон:Sfn music, and the known languages of the world.Шаблон:Sfn
Anania's discourses on Christmas/Epiphany and Easter are discussions on the dates of the two feasts. In the first, he uses a lost work he ascribes to Polycarp of Smyrna and insists that the Armenian custom of celebrating Christmas and the Epiphany on the same date is truer to the holidays' intent than celebrating them separately as is common elsewhere in the Christian world.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Traditions and legends
Anania also wrote on herbal medicine, though none of his medical writings have survived. He is traditionally credited with the discovery of the miraculous flower called Шаблон:Transliteration or hamasp’iur (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn One 16th century manuscript mentions that he dealt with its therapeutic properties. It has been identified by modern scholars as Silene latifolia (white campion). He is credited with discovering the plant in Dzoghakert (near modern Taşburun, Iğdır, Turkey)[15] and using it medically.[16][17][18]
The authorship of the "Book of the Six Thousand" (Vec‘ hazareak), which Russell describes as the "most important Armenian magical text of the Middle Ages", has traditionally been attributed to Anania.Шаблон:Sfn[19] According to a later legend, he taught alchemy to the king of Venice.Шаблон:Sfn
Influence in the Middle Ages
Anania laid the foundations of the exact sciences in Armenia and greatly influenced many Armenian scholars who came after him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Hovhannes Imastaser (Hovhannes Sarkavag) and other medieval scholars extensively cited and incorporated Anania's works.Шаблон:Sfn In a 1037 letter, Grigor Magistros, a scholar from the Pahlavuni noble family, asked Catholicos Petros Getadardz for Anania's manuscripts of his K’nnikon, which were locked up at the catholicosate for centuries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Grigor used these as a textbook at his school at the Sanahin Monastery.Шаблон:Sfn Anania may had also influenced Byzantine Armenian scholars, such as the 9th century philosopher Leo the MathematicianШаблон:Sfn and the 14th century mathematician and grammarian Nicholas Artabasdos Rhabdas.Шаблон:Sfn
Reemergence in the modern period
In the printed age, passing references to Anania were made as early as 1742 by Paghtasar Dpir, but it was not until the latter half of the 19th century that Anania and his work became a subject of scholarly study.Шаблон:Sfn In 1877 Armenian linguist and philologist Kerovbe Patkanian published a collection of Anania's works in the original classical Armenian at St Petersburg University.Шаблон:Sfn Titled Sundry Studies (Шаблон:Lang, Mnats’ordk’ banits’),Шаблон:Sfn it is the first-ever print publication of his works.Шаблон:Sfn Galust Ter-Mkrtchian published a number of Anania's works in 1896.Шаблон:Sfn Joseph Orbeli, an Armenian member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, published a Russian translation of Anania's Problems and Solutions in 1918.Шаблон:Sfn
Systematic study and publication of his works began in the Soviet period.Шаблон:Sfn Ashot G. Abrahamian, who began his research at the Matenadaran in the 1930s, first published one of Anania's arithmetical texts in 1939,Шаблон:Sfn followed by a complete compilation of Anania's work in 1944.Шаблон:Sfn
Abrahamian's work was not received with universal acclaim. One critic objected to his 1944 compilation for attributing disputed works to Anania.Шаблон:Sfn Abrahamian and Garegin Petrosian published an updated edition in 1979.Шаблон:Sfn Some criticism persisted: Varag Arakelian noted a number of errors in translations from classical Armenian and concluded that a new translation of Anania's works was needed.Шаблон:Sfn Another Soviet scholar, Suren T. Eremian, studied the Geography. He insisted on Anania's authorship and published his research in 1963.Шаблон:Sfn
The first translation of Anania's work into a European language was done by the British Orientalist Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, who translated into English Anania's On Christmas, in 1896, and On Easter and Anania's autobiography, in 1897.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Lemerle noted that Conybeare translated Anania's autobiography from a Russian translation, and it contains numerous serious errors.Шаблон:Sfn Renewed interest in Anania's work emerged in the West in the 1960s. A French translation of his autobiography appeared in 1964 by Haïg Berbérian.Шаблон:Sfn Robert H. Hewsen authored an introductory article on Anania's life and scholarship in 1968.Шаблон:Sfn
Modern assessment
Anania is considered by modern scholars as the "father of the exact sciences in Armenia."[20] Modern historians consider him as the greatest scientist of medieval Armenia[21] and, possibly, all Armenian history, up to the 20th century astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian.[22]Шаблон:Sfn He is widely regarded as the founder of the natural sciences in the country.Шаблон:Sfn He was the first classical Armenian scholar to study mathematics and several scientific subjects, such as cosmography and chronology.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nicholas Adontz argued that Anania "occupied the same position in Armenian education as Leo [the Mathematician] did in Byzantine education. He was the first to sow the seeds of science among the Armenians."Шаблон:Sfn Hacikyan et al. wrote in The Heritage of Armenian Literature: Шаблон:Quote frame
In the Soviet Union, Anania was often regarded the earliest astronomer among its peoples.[23] Pyotr Kulikovsky wrote that Anania, along with medieval astronomers of the peoples of Central Asia,Шаблон:Efn wrote a "special chapter in the history of astronomy" and their names "have been inscribed in the great treasury of world science as the names of eminent scholars."[24]
Greenwood argues that studying Anania and his works "resonated with twentieth-century political beliefs and offered a suitable subject for academic research in ways that works on medieval theology or Biblical exegesis did not. Anania came to be projected as a national hero from the distant Armenian past, linking and affirming past and present identities."Шаблон:Sfn
Tributes
In 1952 Yervand Kochar created a gypsum sculpture of Anania.[25] Shirakatsi was one of six medieval scholars whose statue was erected in front of the Matenadaran, the museum-institute of Armenian manuscripts in Yerevan, in the 1960s.Шаблон:Sfn Sculpted by Grigor Badalyan in basalt, it was erected in 1963.[26] Another statue, sculpted by Aram Gharibyan, was erected in the front yard of Yerevan State University in 1999.[27]
A crater on the Moon was named after Shirakatsi in 1979.[28]
The Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum, an International Baccalaureate school in Yerevan, was established in 1990.[29][30]
In 1993 the Medal of Anania Shirakatsi, a state award, was established, given for "significant activities, inventions, and discoveries in the spheres of economy, engineering, architecture, science, and technology."[31] In 2005 the Central Bank of Armenia issued a commemorative coin, while HayPost issued a stamp dedicated to him.[32][33]
References
- Notes
- Citations
Bibliography
Books on Anania
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book online
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book PDF (archived)
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
General books
Book chapters on Anania
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Encyclopedia articles
Journal articles
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book; originally published in Revue des Études Arméniennes 21, 1988–89, pp. 159–170
Further reading
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ė. R. Mustelʹ, N. P. Erpylev. Большая советская энциклопедия (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), СССР. Естественные науки. Астрономия [USSR: Natural sciences: Astronomy] "Уже в 7 в. получил распространение трактат по космографии армянского учёного Анании Ширакаци, содержавший астрономические сведения того времени."
- ↑ Kulikovsky, Pyotr, М.В. Ломоносов - астроном и астрофизик [M. V. Lermontov: Astronomer and Astrophysicist], 1950, p. 9 "Особую главу в истории астрономии вписали народы, жившие на нынешней территории СССР на Кавказе и в Средней Азии. Имена Анания Ширакаци, Аль-Хорезми, Бируни, Омара Хайяма, Насирэддина ат-Туси, Улуг-бека вошли в великую сокровищницу мировой науки как имена крупнейших учёных."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- 7th-century Armenian historians
- 7th-century mathematicians
- 7th-century astronomers
- Armenian cartographers
- Armenian mathematicians
- Armenian astronomers
- 7th-century geographers
- Medieval cartographers
- Kamsarakan family
- 7th-century Armenian writers
- Armenian people from the Sasanian Empire
- 7th-century cartographers
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
_au_Matenadaran.JPG){kind=link}
