Английская Википедия:Anas

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Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera. The genus now contains 31 living species. The name Anas is the Latin for "duck".

Systematics

The genus Anas was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. Anas is the Latin word for a duck. The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large molecular phylogenetic study was published that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was non-monophyletic. Based on the results of this study, Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus Mareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus Spatula and the Baikal teal placed in the monotypic genus Sibirionetta.

Species

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
Файл:African Black Duck RWD.jpg	African black duck	Anas sparsa	eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
Файл:Anas undulata, Pretoria country club.jpg	Yellow-billed duck	Anas undulata	southern and eastern Africa.
Файл:MellersDuck025.jpg	Meller's duck	Anas melleri	eastern Madagascar.
Файл:Anas superciliosa (Pacific Black Duck).jpg	Pacific black duck	Anas superciliosa	Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
Файл:Starr 080607-7217 Boerhavia repens.jpg	Laysan duck	Anas laysanensis	Hawaiian Islands
Файл:Hawaiian Duck (12045063073).jpg	Hawaiian duck	Anas wyvilliana	Hawaiian islands
Файл:Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) RWD2.jpg	Philippine duck	Anas luzonica	the Philippines
Файл:Anas poecilorhyncha -Assam -India-8.jpg	Indian spot-billed duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	Pakistan and India
Файл:Anas zonorhyncha swimming.jpg	Eastern spot-billed duck	Anas zonorhyncha	Southeast Asia
Файл:029 -MALLARD (11-14-06) sloco, ca (1) (8711887568).jpg	Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
Файл:Mottled Duck male RWD3.jpg	Mottled duck	Anas fulvigula	Gulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
Файл:Anas rubripes PM3.jpg	American black duck	Anas rubripes	Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
Файл:029 - MEXICAN MALLARD (1-21-2017) female, patagonia lake, santa cruz co, az -01 (32482525295).jpg	Mexican duck	Anas diazi	Mexico and the southern United States.
Файл:Cape Teal (Anas capensis) (7096522691).jpg	Cape teal	Anas capensis	sub-Saharan Africa
Файл:White-cheeked Pintail, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.jpg	White-cheeked pintail	Anas bahamensis	Caribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands
Файл:Red-billed Pintail (Anas erythrorhyncha) RWD1.jpg	Red-billed teal	Anas erythrorhyncha	southern and eastern Africa
Файл:Yellow-billed Pintail RWD2.jpg	Yellow-billed pintail	Anas georgica	South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
Файл:Anas eatoni.jpg	Eaton's pintail	Anas eatoni	island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
Файл:Anas acuta3.jpg	Northern pintail	Anas acuta	Europe, Asia and North America
Файл:Common Teal (Anas crecca) near Hodal, Haryana W IMG 6512.jpg	Eurasian teal	Anas crecca	northern Eurasia
Файл:Green-winged Teal RWD5.jpg	Green-winged teal	Anas carolinensis	North America except on the Aleutian Islands
Файл:Anas flavirostris.JPG	Yellow-billed teal	Anas flavirostris	Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
Файл:Andean-Teal.jpg	Andean teal	Anas andium (formerly included in A. flavirostris)	Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Файл:SundaTeal Bali.jpg	Sunda teal	Anas gibberifrons	Indonesia.
Файл:NettionKeulemans.jpg	Andaman teal	Anas albogularis (formerly included in A. gibberifrons)	Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
Файл:Anas gracilis -Nga Manu Nature Reserve, Waikanae, New Zealand -swimming-8.jpg	Grey teal	Anas gracilis	Australia and New Zealand
Файл:MaleChestnutTealNarrabeenLake.jpg	Chestnut teal	Anas castanea	Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
Файл:Anas bernieri Masoala-Halle.jpg	Bernier's teal	Anas bernieri	Madagascar
Файл:Brown teal.jpg	Brown teal	Anas chlorotis	New Zealand
Файл:Auckland Island teal on Enderby Island.jpg	Auckland teal	Anas aucklandica	Auckland Islands south of New Zealand
Файл:Campbell Island Teal, Pengo.jpg	Campbell teal	Anas nesiotis (formerly included in A. aucklandica)	New Zealand

Extinct Species

• Шаблон:ExtinctMariana mallard, Anas oustaleti
• Шаблон:ExtinctMascarene teal, Anas theodori
• Шаблон:ExtinctChatham Island Duck, Anas chathamica

Formerly placed in Anas:

• Bronze-winged duck, Speculanas specularis
• Crested duck, Lophonetta specularioides
• Baikal teal Sibirionetta formosa
• Salvadori's teal, Salvadorina waigiuensis
• species in the genus Mareca, the wigeons (including the gadwall and the falcated duck)
• species in the genus Spatula, the shovelers and related teals

Phylogeny

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.

Fossil record

Файл:Anas blanchardi aquitaniano st gerard les puys.JPG

Anas blanchardi fossil

A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

• †Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)
• †Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)
• †Anas amotape (Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps Late Pleistocene of Peru)
• †Anas bunkeri (Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?
• †Anas cheuen Agnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?
• †Anas elapsum (Chinchilla Late Pleistocene of Condamine River, Australia) ("Nettion")
• †Anas ganii (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Tchichmiknaia, Moldavia)
• †Anas gracilipes (Late Pleistocene of Australia) (likely junior synonym of Anas castanea)
• †Anas greeni (Brodkorb 1964) (Ash Hollow Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
• †Anas itchtucknee McCoy 1963
• †Anas kisatibiensis [Anser kisatibiensis] (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
• †Anas kurochkini Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015
• †Anas lambrechti [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti Stephens; Querquedula lambrechti; Archeoquerquedula Spillman 1942]
• †Anas ogallalae (Brodkorb 1962) (Ogallala Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
• Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelus Wetmore 1960 (Shore Hills Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
• †Anas pullulans (Juntura Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Juntura, Malheur County, Oregon, USA) – Punanetta?
• †Anas schneideri Emslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)
• †Anas sansaniensis Milne-Edwards 1868 [Dendrocygna sansaniensis (Milne-Edwards 1868) Mlíkovský 1988]
• †Anas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Patteramordu, Australia) ("Nettion")

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

• †"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of "Warnsdorf", Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate heron.
• †"Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
• †"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.
• †"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany), "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Aumeister, Germany) and "A." luederitzensis (Kalahari Early Miocene of Lüderitzbucht, Namibia) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations; the first might be a seaduck.
• †"Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen.
• †"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene of Tuscana has been moved to its own genus, Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
• †"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta.
• †"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong Anas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the Pacific black duck, Laysan duck, and mallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas. However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme bauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.Шаблон:Citation needed

See also

• List of recently extinct birds
• Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
• List of fossil bird genera

External links

• Шаблон:Commons-inline
• Шаблон:Wikispecies-inline