Английская Википедия:Anatomical Theatre of Padua
Шаблон:Infobox building The Anatomical Theatre of Padua, Northern Italy, is the first permanent anatomical theatre in the world.Шаблон:Sfn Still preserved in the Palazzo del Bo,[1] it was inaugurated in 1595 by Girolamo Fabrici of Acquapendente, according to the project of Paolo SarpiШаблон:Sfn and Dario Varotari.Шаблон:Sfn This theatre constituted the model for the anatomical theatres built during the seventeenth century in the main universities of Europe: all would have been based on the Paduan archetype.Шаблон:Sfn It is the symbol of a successful period in the University of Padua's history,[2] and it is considered one of the most important achievements for the study of anatomy during the sixteenth century.
Background history
The foundation: Padua and the tradition of dissections
This quote attests the foundation date traditionally accepted for the origins of the University of Padua.Шаблон:Sfn
The events that led to the construction of the theatre could be dated back to the thirteenth century, when Pietro d'Abano performed the first autopsy recorded in Padua.
Pietro d'Abano (c.1250 – c.1315), was called to Padua from Paris as a teacher of medicine, philosophy and judicial astrology. His early studies in Constantinople allowed him to translate some of Galen's works from Greek to Latin: thanks to his work, the fame of the Studium spread rapidly throughout Italy.Шаблон:Sfn
It is worth noting that in Padua a well-established practice of dissection had already existed since the late thirteenth century. In fact, a traditional legend hands down the story of an avaricious man's heart found in a basket by St. Anthony; the heart is described in a scientific way, showing how direct observation of the corpses was already considered essential.Шаблон:Sfn
In the fifteenth century, the Padua Studium, like others, had three fundamental chairs of medicine: theoretical medicine, practical medicine, and surgery. Albeit the surgery teacher was expected to act as incisor in the anatomical demonstrations; only in the late sixteenth century was he formally charged with the teaching of anatomy.Шаблон:Sfn
The first European public dissection
In 1404, during his stay in Vienna, Galeazzo di Santa Sofia undertook the first solemn public dissection, a practice he had obviously first seen and carried out in Padua.
Moritz Roth, the great Vesalius scholar, observes: Шаблон:Blockquote
Alessandro Benedetti and his temporary theatre
The turning point would have happened thanks to the contribution of Alessandro Benedetti, an Italian anatomist: in 1514, Шаблон:Lang, the main of his works, was reprinted in Paris. This allowed the spread of his directives for the construction and the organization of a temporary wooden anatomical theatre, which Benedetti himself used and supported. According to him, anatomy should have been able to make medicine a more evincible science. In fact, direct observation was becoming even more important than theoretical studies.Шаблон:Sfn
From Vesalius to the Anatomical theatre
In this stimulating atmosphere Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish anatomist, came to Padua (1537–1538) and wrote De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, in which he introduced the demonstrative method to medicine. This implied an active involvement in studying anatomy, now based on the direct observation and verification of theories: henceforward, it became a habit for students not only to read books, but also to approach the subjects physically.Шаблон:Sfn
Since the late 1530s, when Vesalius became chair of surgery, dissections were carried out on corpses of dead criminals, but also on monkeys and dogs, in a temporary wooden anatomical theatre.Шаблон:Sfn Moreover, Vesalius published his first Шаблон:Lang, drawn together with a scholar of Titian. In this way, the Шаблон:Lang, already mentioned, became a real piece of art, in which text was enriched with detailed depictions of dissected bodies.Шаблон:Sfn According to the ancient tradition just described, it seems almost natural that the first permanent anatomical theatre was built in Padua.
It is also important to point out that its construction is linked to Fabrici d'Acquapendente, an Italian physiologist, who held the chair of surgery and anatomy in the Padua Studium for fifty years. Fabricius, in continuity with his predecessors, such as Benedetti and Vesalius, strongly supported the practical approach to anatomy as a means of effectiveness in the study of the subject.Шаблон:Sfn
Architecture and main renovations
The architecture of the theatre is reminiscent of a funnel: it is an inverted cone inserted in a cylinder, arranged in steps to welcome the students.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1739, Charles de Brosses observed that the theatre Шаблон:Blockquote
This idea of a well, probably too tight,Шаблон:Clarify was taken again in 1827, when in different archival documents it was suggested that lessons for medical and surgical students should have been separated.Шаблон:Sfn
Nineteenth century
Originally, the theatre was built on two overlapping floors; the entrance was on the first floor, which was an open gallery. In 1822, the first intervention involved the building of a new room and the endowment of new equipment.Шаблон:Sfn In the same period, renovations concerned also the construction of a different roof with a five-meter skylight in order to adapt the room to daylight. Previously the theatre was not illuminated by the eight windows on the walls because of the numerous flights of stairs that obscured the sunlight.
Furthermore, in 1841 the president of university required an improvement in the storage of corpses: within a year, the area was transformed into a wooden terrace, used to store bones. In the following years, professor Francesco Cortese noted small changes, such as floor rise, whitening of the railings and installation of a new desk, provided with a simple raising mechanism.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1845, fundamental details in need of repair remained: they essentially related to the ventilation, a problem clearly linked to the presence of corpses, the smell of which made the air unbreathable. Speaking of this, the university president also wrote regarding the temperature situation: "sunbeams heat the theatre, so as to make it impossible to stay". Due to wind, "the roof let the rain fall abundantly".Шаблон:Sfn February 13, 1848, was the official date of the end of the works.
In 1872, the theatre lost its function because the medical school was transferred to St. Mattia's former convent. In this situation, the theatre changed also part of its aspect: for example, the roof was demolished for security reasons and rebuilt without the skylight, which now is no longer useful for lessons.Шаблон:Sfn
Twentieth century
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, issues regarding the potential reorganization of the theatre were very much present in academic debate. Different projects were proposed, but the current arrangement was undertaken by the architect Fagiuoli and the engineer Ronca. Moreover, it is important to emphasize that the architect Giò Ponti was responsible for redesigning the interior, thus giving the building its present appearance.Шаблон:Sfn
Finally, it is worth noting that the theatre has kept its original funnel shape, with reference to its original function.
Value and symbolism
It is known that dissections were carried out by professors in their private homes or those of their students until the eighteenth century, even after the introduction of anatomical theatres. This shows that the increase in students more than the necessity of cutting-edge equipment led to the construction of the theatre.Шаблон:Sfn
Anatomy lessons were a matter of pride for the university. The possibility to observe and experience a real dissection made the students elated. They could not take notes but only learn by watching. The typical funnel shape had the function of providing practical experience as a means to learn about the human body. It seems that its shape projects the students' gaze towards the deepest aspects of human anatomy.Шаблон:Sfn Moreover, it is interesting that in the theatre those who held the chair were below the students, working near them, and not on a desk looming over them.Шаблон:Sfn
Furthermore, anatomy lessons were the only form of practice lessons in the study of medicine, and the theatre made them look like a real ceremony.Шаблон:Sfn The theatre is also linked to the number seven. Its rings, seven in number, can be connected to the seven skies of Empireum, or the seven pits of Hell in Dante's Divine Comedy.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
External links
- Anatomical Theatre of Padua su Himetop, The History of Medicine Topographical Database, at himetop.wikidot.com
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Anatomical theatres
- Buildings and structures in Padua
- 1595 establishments in Italy
- Educational institutions established in the 1590s
- University of Padua
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
