Английская Википедия:Anaxagoras

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Infobox philosopher Anaxagoras (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, Anaxagóras, "lord of the assembly"; Шаблон:Circa 500 – Шаблон:Circa 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae at a time when Asia Minor was under the control of the Persian Empire, Anaxagoras came to Athens. In later life he was charged with impiety and went into exile in Lampsacus.

Файл:Jose de Ribera - Anaxagoras.jpg
Anaxagoras (1636) by Jusepe de Ribera

Responding to the claims of Parmenides on the impossibility of change, Anaxagoras introduced the concept of Nous (Cosmic Mind) as an ordering force. He also gave several novel scientific accounts of natural phenomena, including the notion of panspermia, that life exists throughout the universe and could be distributed everywhere. He deduced a correct explanation for eclipses and described the Sun as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese, as well as attempting to explain rainbows and meteors.

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Biography

Anaxagoras was born in the town of Clazomenae in the early 5th century BCE,Шаблон:Sfn where he may have been born into an aristocratic family.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He arrived at Athens, either shortly after the Persian war (in which he may have fought on the Persian side),Шаблон:Sfn or at some point when he was a bit older, around 456 BCE.Шаблон:Sfn While at Athens, he became close with the Athenian statesman Pericles.Шаблон:Sfn According to Diogenes, Laërtius and Plutarch, in later life he was charged with impiety and went into exile in Lampsacus; the charges may have been political, owing to his association with Pericles, if they were not fabricated by later ancient biographers.Шаблон:Sfn According to Laërtius, Pericles spoke in defense of Anaxagoras at his trialШаблон:Efn, Шаблон:Circa. Even so, Anaxagoras was forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus in Troad (Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Snd433). He died there around the year 428. Citizens of Lampsacus erected an altar to Mind and Truth in his memory and observed the anniversary of his death for many years. They placed over his grave the following inscription:

Here Anaxagoras, who in his quest of truth scaled heaven itself, is laid to rest.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn

Philosophy

Responding to the claims of Parmenides on the impossibility of change, Anaxagoras described the world as a mixture of primary imperishable ingredients, where material variation was never caused by an absolute presence of a particular ingredient, but rather by its relative preponderance over the other ingredients; in his words, "each one is... most manifestly those things of which there are the most in it".Шаблон:Sfn He introduced the concept of nous (cosmic mind) as an ordering force, which moved and separated the original mixture, which was homogeneous or nearly so.

Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of scientific inquiry from Ionia to Athens. According to Anaxagoras, all things have existed in some way from the beginning, but originally they existed in infinitesimally small fragments of themselves, endless in number and inextricably combined throughout the universe. All things existed in this mass but in a confused and indistinguishable form.Шаблон:Sfn There was an infinite number of homogeneous parts (Шаблон:Lang) as well as heterogeneous ones.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The work of arrangement, the segregation of like from unlike, and the summation of the whole into totals of the same name, was the work of Mind or Reason (Шаблон:Lang). Mind is no less unlimited than the chaotic mass, but it stood pure and independent, a thing of finer texture, alike in all its manifestations and everywhere the same. This subtle agent, possessed of all knowledge and power, is especially seen ruling all life forms.Шаблон:Efn Its first appearance, and the only manifestation of it which Anaxagoras describes, is Motion. It gave distinctness and reality to the aggregates of like parts. Шаблон:Sfn

Decrease and growth represent a new aggregation (Шаблон:Lang) and disruption (Шаблон:Lang). However, the original intermixture of things is never wholly overcome.Шаблон:Sfn Each thing contains parts of other things or heterogeneous elements, and is what it is only on account of the preponderance of certain homogeneous parts which constitute its character.Шаблон:Sfn Out of this process arise the things we see in this world.Шаблон:Sfn

Astronomy

PlutarchШаблон:Efn says "Anaxagoras is said to have predicted that if the heavenly bodies should be loosened by some slip or shake, one of them might be torn away, and might plunge and fall to earth."

His observations of the celestial bodies and the fall of meteorites led him to form new theories of the universal order, and to the prediction of the impact of meteorites. According to PlinyШаблон:Efn, he was credited with predicting the fall of the meteorite in 467.Шаблон:Sfn He was the first to give a correct explanation of eclipses, and was both famous and notorious for his scientific theories, including the claims that the Sun is a mass of red-hot metal, that the Moon is earthy, and that the stars are fiery stones.Шаблон:Efn He thought that the Earth was flat and floated supported by 'strong' air under it, and that disturbances in this air sometimes caused earthquakes.Шаблон:Efn He introduced the notion of panspermia, that life exists throughout the universe and could be distributed everywhere.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the Sun, which he described as a mass of blazing metal, larger than the Peloponnese; he also said that the Moon had mountains, and he believed that it was inhabited. The heavenly bodies, he asserted, were masses of stone torn from the Earth and ignited by rapid rotation.Шаблон:Sfn His theories about eclipses, the Sun, and Moon may well have been based on observations of the eclipse of 463 BCEШаблон:Efn, which was visible in Greece.

Anaxagoras was one of the first to claim that the moon reflected sunlight and did not produce light by itself, we know that through a fragment of one of his writings translated as “the sun induces the moon with brightness”[1]

Mathematics

According to Plutarch in his work On exile, Anaxagoras is the first Greek to attempt the problem of squaring the circle, a problem he worked on while in prison.Шаблон:Efn

Legacy

Anaxagoras wrote a book of philosophy, but only fragments of the first part of this have survived, through preservation in the work of Simplicius of Cilicia in the 6th century AD.Шаблон:Efn

Anaxagoras' book was reportedly available for a drachma in the Athenian marketplace.Шаблон:Sfn It was certainly known to Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, based on the contents of their surviving plays,Шаблон:Sfn and possibly to Aeschylus as well, based on the testimony of Seneca.Шаблон:Sfn However, although Anaxagoras almost certainly lived in Athens during the lifetime of Socrates (born 470 BCE), there is no evidence that they ever met. In the Phaedo, Plato portrays Socrates saying of Anaxagoras as a young man: 'I eagerly acquired his books and read them as quickly as I could'. However, Socrates goes on to describe his later disillusionment with his philosophy.Шаблон:Efn Anaxagoras is also mentioned by Socrates during his trial in Plato's Apology.

He is also mentioned in Seneca's Natural Questions (Book 4B, originally Book 3: On Clouds, Hail, Snow). It reads: "Why should I too allow myself the same liberty as Anaxagoras allowed himself?"

The Roman author Valerius Maximus preserves a different tradition; Anaxagoras, coming home from a long voyage, found his property in ruin, and said: "If this had not perished, I would have"—a sentence described by Valerius as being "possessed of sought-after wisdom".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Dante Alighieri places Anaxagoras in the First Circle of Hell (Limbo) in his Divine Comedy (Inferno, Canto IV, line 137).

Chapter 5 in Book II of De Docta Ignorantia (1440) by Nicholas of Cusa is dedicated to the truth of the sentence "Each thing is in each thing" which he attributes to Anaxagoras.

Anaxagoras appears as a character in the second Act of Faust, Part II by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

See also

Notes

Footnotes

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Citations

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References

Ancient testimony

Шаблон:Wikisourcelang Шаблон:Wikisource Шаблон:Refbegin In the Diels-Kranz numbering for testimony and fragments of Pre-Socratic philosophy, Anaxagoras is catalogued as number 59.

The most recent edition of this catalogue is Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:Refend

Biography

Writings

Doctrines

Fragments

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Translations of the fragments

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Sources

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Further reading

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikiquote

Шаблон:Ancient Greek mathematics Шаблон:Greek schools of philosophy Шаблон:Ancient Greece topics

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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