Английская Википедия:Ancestors of Enlil

Ancestors of EnlilШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn or Enki-Ninki deitiesШаблон:Sfn were a group of Mesopotamian deities. Individual lists do not agree on their number, though the enumerations always start with the pair Enki (to be distinguished from the water god Enki) and Ninki and end with Enlil. They were regarded as primordial, ancestral beings who were no longer active and resided in the underworld. They could be invoked in exorcisms. They are attested in various texts, including god lists, incantations, prayers and myths.

Terminology

The term "ancestors of Enlil" refers to a group of Mesopotamian deities.Шаблон:Sfn They are already attested in Early Dynastic sources.Шаблон:Sfn The same group is sometimes instead referred to as "Enki-Ninki deities" (German: Enki-Ninki-Gottheiten), an approximate translation of the plural ^(d)En-ki-(e-)ne-^(d)Nin/Nun-ki-(e-)ne, derived from the names of the pair Enki and Ninki, and used to refer to all of these deities collectively in primary sources.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert proposed the English translation "Enkis and Ninkis".Шаблон:Sfn He also coined the term "theogony of Enlil" to refer to the lists of these divine ancestors.Шаблон:Sfn The latter label is also used by Andrew R. George.Шаблон:Sfn

The names Enki and Ninki refer to a pair typically opening lists of ancestors of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn The names of the individual pairs which follow all contain the signs en, "lord", and nin, "lady".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In each pair, the en name precedes the nin name.Шаблон:Sfn There is no indication that the individual pairs were meant to illustrate the stages of development of the universe.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Not all of the names are possible to fully translate.Шаблон:Sfn The pairs occur in a different order in each of the available sources, and only the position of Enki and Ninki as the first generation and Enlil and Ninlil as the last is consistent, with no exceptions from the former rule and only one from the latter.Шаблон:Sfn The number of pairs varies from 3 to 21.Шаблон:Sfn 7 or 8 appear in Early Dynastic god lists, 9 (10 if Enmešarra is counted) in the Old Babylonian god list from Mari,Шаблон:Efn 16 in the Old Babylonian An = Anum forerunner, and 21 in An = Anum (tablet I, lines 96–138).Шаблон:Sfn The unusual length of the sequence in the last of these sources was most likely the result of compiling variant traditions.Шаблон:Sfn

While Enki and Ninki could be identified in older scholarship as Enki and Damgalnuna, this view is regarded as erroneous.Шаблон:Sfn As already noted by Thorkild Jacobsen in 1976, the ancestral deity Enki is to be distinguished from the better known god of the same name, who is associated with fresh water.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert has suggested that the latter name had a different etymology, and due to the presence of an omittible g in spellings such as ^dEn-ki-ga-ke₄ assumed that instead of ki, "earth", it was formed with the element kig, of unknown meaning.Шаблон:Sfn Jacobsen instead explained the two names as having slightly different meanings from each other, "lord earth" and "lord of the earth".Шаблон:Sfn The equation of Enki and Ninki with Ea (Enki) and Damkina (Damgalnuna) in an Emesal vocabulary is isolated and presumably a mistake, and the Emesal forms of the names of the two Enkis, respectively Umunki and Amanki, are not identical.Шаблон:Sfn

Position in Mesopotamian mythology

According to Christopher Metcalf, the tradition regarding Enlil's parentage which involved the Enki-Ninki deities is now considered conventional, though relevant sources remain difficult to interpret.Шаблон:Sfn Based on the meaning of the names Enki and Ninki,Шаблон:Sfn it is presumed it was related to the belief that earth was a primordial element from which everything else emerged.Шаблон:Sfn However, Enlil's parentage presumably varied between traditions.Шаблон:Sfn He was alternatively regarded as a son of Anu,Шаблон:Sfn as attested for example in an inscription of Lugalzagesi.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn Two sources which include both the pairs Enki and Ninki and An with either Urash or Ki, with the latter placed before them, are also known, and presumably reflect the belief that the coupling of earth and heaven preceded the emergence of the ancestors of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn A further deity who could be regarded as Enlil's father was Lugaldukuga,Шаблон:Sfn a figure associated with the “holy mound” (duku).Шаблон:Sfn

While Ninlil can be mentioned alongside Enlil in the lists enumerating his ancestors, these deities are never described as the ancestors of both of them, possibly to avoid the implications of incest between them.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert suggested that an alternate interpretation of the lists might have been that each "generation" evolved from the previous one, with Enki and Ninki slowly morphing into Enlil and Ninlil, similarly with no implications of incest.Шаблон:Sfn

The ancestors of Enlil were associated with the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, available sources do not explain how they came to reside there.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew R. George suggests that their placement in the underworld simply reflected the fact they were believed to be no longer active.Шаблон:Sfn A myth in which Enki and Ninki were banished to the underworld or fled there and found a new role there might have existed, though it is not directly preserved save for a possible allusion in an incantation.Шаблон:Sfn A single incantation places them in the Abzu,Шаблон:Sfn which is presumed to be a part of a broader pattern of references to underworld deities instead dwelling there.Шаблон:Sfn

The names of the primordial deities associated with Enlil could be invoked in exorcisms against evil spirits, though according to Wilfred G. Lambert relevant sources postdate the Old Babylonian period and might represent a tradition which only developed relatively late.Шаблон:Sfn However, according to Andrew R. George earlier examples also exist, and typically make Enki and Ninki the figures by which demons are forced to swear oaths in specific exorcisms.Шаблон:Sfn As primordial deities, they might have been invoked in this context as a representation of the state of the universe before the emergence of forces they were meant to counter.Шаблон:Sfn

Attestations

The oldest references to the ancestors of Enlil have been identified in the Fara and Abu Salabikh god lists from the Early Dynastic period.Шаблон:Sfn They have been dated to the middle of the third millennium BCE.Шаблон:Sfn They are also present in a short passage from an early literary text:

Шаблон:Blockquote

They are also mentioned in relation with the underworld in the zame hymn dedicated to Nergal.Шаблон:Sfn The residence of this god is described in it as "the big dwelling, whose shadow spreads in the west over the Enki and Ninki".Шаблон:Sfn

Ninki alone is mentioned in the oath formula on Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures, where it is stated that if Umma were to break the promises made, this goddess would punish the city.Шаблон:Sfn This formula differs from these assigned to all the other deities invoked in the same text (Enlil, Ninhursag, Enki, Suen and Utu).Шаблон:Sfn

In incantations dated to the middle of the third millennium BCE, Enki and Ninki are mentioned in association with roots of the tamarisk.Шаблон:Sfn Two examples, presumed to be copies of southern Mesopotamian texts, are known from Ebla:

Шаблон:Poem quote

Presumably the tree was believed to "mediate" between Enki and Ninki, who resided in the underworld, and An, who resided in heaven.Шаблон:Sfn

A single offering to a goddess named Ninki, made by the queen, is mentioned in another text from Ebla, but according to Alfonso Archi most likely this figure is to be distinguished from the primordial deity bearing the same name.Шаблон:Sfn He suggests this name might only be an uncommon spelling of the better attested ^dbe-munus/^dBa-al₆-tum, the spouse of Hadabal.Шаблон:Sfn In an earlier publication he also considered it a possibility that she might have been the spouse of the local form of Ea,Шаблон:Sfn Ḥayya.Шаблон:Sfn "Ninki" is also attested in Ebla as a part of the phrase nin-ki kalam tim^ki, “lady of the country”, possibly the epithet of a goddess, and as a title of Tilut, one of the wives of the vizier Ibrium.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Wilfred G. Lambert, after the Early Dynastic period a gap in attestations of the ancestors of Enlil occurs, but further sources mentioning them are known from the Old Babylonian period and later.Шаблон:Sfn However, Gonzalo Rubio lists a single possible Ur III example, a fragment from Nippur, N-T545 (A 33647), which might be either an incantation or a literary text.Шаблон:Sfn It is also assumed that a mourning festival dedicated to them -associated with the duku in Nippur took place annually as early as in the third millennium BCE.Шаблон:Sfn Walther Sallaberger argues that ezem dukuga, celebrated there in the Ur III period, can be connected with later rites associated with them.Шаблон:Sfn In later periods they appear in various versions of Udug Hul.Шаблон:Sfn In Šurpu, the pairs Enki and Ninki and Enšar and Ninšar are invoked.Шаблон:Sfn

The ancestors of Enlil are also mentioned in the myth Death of Gilgamesh.Шаблон:Sfn The eponymous hero seemingly meets them in the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Poem quote

Enumerations of pairs of ancestors of Enlil also occur in laments dedicated to him, which commonly include long lists of various deities associated with him.Шаблон:Sfn An unfinished text of this variety known from the Old Babylonian tablet CBS 10417Шаблон:Sfn mentions a gift he received from the pairs Enki and Ninki and Enul and Ninul.Шаблон:Sfn According to Paul Delnero's interpretation of the text, most likely a goddess appeals to Enlil to spare her city from destruction, similarly as Bau does in another similar text, in this case by reminding him of the time when he himself received a city from his ancestors.Шаблон:Sfn A prayer to Enlil refers to Enki and Ninki as “the father who begat you”.Шаблон:Sfn Jeremiah Peterson has tentatively suggested that a recently published fragmentary text, “The birth of Enlil” (MS 3312), might be an account of the succession from Enki and Ninki to Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn However, according to its translator, Christopher Metcalf, the deities mentioned in it are left unnamed, and it is therefore difficult to interpret what theogonic tradition it reflects.Шаблон:Sfn

A hymn to Enki might attribute his position as a god associated with water to a collective of Enki-Niki deities.Шаблон:Sfn A different composition dedicated to the same god might mentions two of them, Enul and Ninul, in a similar context.Шаблон:Sfn A prayer to Shamash and the “gods of the night” invokes Enki and Ninki alongside Alala and Belili,Шаблон:Sfn a pair of primordial deities belonging to the family tree of Anu.Шаблон:Sfn

A Middle Assyrian text, the so-called "Offering Bread Hemerology", prescribes offering bread to Lugaldukuga, Enki, Enmešarra and the West Wind on the 29th of Tašrītu,Шаблон:Sfn an autumn month.Шаблон:Sfn Offerings to the ancestors of Enlil are also mentioned in an administrative text from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and in so-called Astrolabe B.Шаблон:Sfn The latter source specifically refers to a funerary offering made in Tašrītu, and lists Lugaldukuga alongside the pair Enki and Ninki as its recipient.Шаблон:Sfn This might have been a rite connected to the akītu festival.Шаблон:Sfn

List of ancestors of Enlil

Names	Meaning of the second element	Details
Enki and Ninki	"earth"Шаблон:Sfn	A variant spelling of Ninki, Nunki, is also attested.Шаблон:Sfn It occurs in Early Dynastic sources from Lagash.Шаблон:Sfn Grammatically, both names are appositive rather than genitive constructions, and therefore should be translated as “lady earth” and “lord earth”.Шаблон:Sfn However, Ninki's name appears to be understood as a genitive construction, “lady of the earth” or “lady of the underworld”, in Eannatum's inscription on the Stele of Vultures.Шаблон:Sfn A late Assyrian copy of an earlier bilingual text refers to Enki and Ninki as the "lords of destinies".Шаблон:Sfn
Enul and Ninul	"ancient"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn or "luxuriance"Шаблон:Sfn	A hymn addresses Enul and Ninul as the parents of Nuska.Шаблон:Sfn In another composition, they are implored to bring prosperity during the organization of the universe, while in a hymn dedicated to Ishme-Dagan they bless his kingship alongside Enki and Ninki.Шаблон:Sfn Ninul also appears in a single theophoric name from Old Akkadian Adab, Ur-Ninul.Шаблон:Sfn A reference to Enul might be present in the text UM 29-15-229,Шаблон:Sfn a fragment of an explanatory Old Babylonian god list from Nippur.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to the existence of the theonym Enul, the term en ul, to be understood as "ancient lord", also appears to function as a less specific designation in a number of compositions, including the Temple Hymns and Inanna and Ebiḫ.Шаблон:Sfn
Enmul and Ninmul	"star", "shining"Шаблон:Sfn	Enmul and Ninmul never occur in the same sources as Enul and Ninul, with the exception of An = Anum and a single ritual text possibly influenced by god lists, and therefore they might have been understood simply as a variant of Enul and Ninul, with the sign mul read as ul₁₀.Шаблон:Sfn
Ennun and Ninnun	"lordly", "much"Шаблон:Sfn
Enkur and Ninkur	"Mountain"Шаблон:Sfn	In addition to functioning as the name of a primordial goddess paired with Enkur, Ninkur is also attested as the name of a craftsman deity and as a logographic writing of the name of the wife of Dagan, presumably to be identified as Shalash, in texts from Emar and Mari.Шаблон:Sfn
Enkingal and Ninkingal	"leader"Шаблон:Sfn	Enkingal and Ninkingal are the Old Babylonian forms of the earlier names Enkungal and Ninkungal, with the second element, originally a term referring to fat-tailed sheep, reinterpreted as a different phonetically similar word.Шаблон:Sfn
Enšar and Ninšar	"totality"Шаблон:Sfn	Enšar appears in the myth Toil of Babylon, where he is described as the "father of the gods".Шаблон:Sfn However, his name might function as an epithet of Lugaldukuga in this context.Шаблон:Sfn
Enbuluḫ and Ninbuluḫ		The names Enbulug and Ninbulug attested in an Old Babylonian god list might represent a variant of Enbuluḫ and Ninbuluḫ.Шаблон:Sfn
Engiriš and Ningiriš	"butterfly"Шаблон:Sfn	According to Antoine Cavigneaux and Шаблон:Ill, Engiriš and Ningiriš most likely correspond to En-UḪ and Nin-UḪ from Early Dynastic sources, with the sign UḪ in the latter name read as either uḫ, "louse", or as giriš_x, "butterfly".Шаблон:Sfn In An = Anum the variant form Ningaraš, “lady merchant”, occurs.Шаблон:Sfn
Endašurimma and Nindašurimma	"dung heap"Шаблон:Sfn	Endašurimma and Nindašurimma are first attested in the Old Babylonian period, though they might be identical with an earlier pair from Fara and Abu Salabikh whose names were written with the sign Á or DA.Шаблон:Sfn Both of them are addressed as "brother and sister of all the gods" in an incantation, while Endašurimma also appears alongside Endukuga among the keepers of the gates of the underworld in the Sultantepe version of Nergal and Ereshkigal.Шаблон:Sfn
Enamaš and Ninamaš	"sheep-pen"Шаблон:Sfn	While Enamaš and Ninamaš first occur in the Old Babylonian period, they might correspond to an earlier pair whose name was written with the signs LAK 777.DU₆.Шаблон:Sfn However, the latter have also been interpreted as an early version of Endukuga and Nindukuga instead.Шаблон:Sfn
Endukuga and Nindukuga	"holy hill"Шаблон:Sfn	In most Old Babylonian lists, Endukuga and Nindukuga are among the last generations listed, appearing directly before Enlil and the optional Enutila and Enmešarra.Шаблон:Sfn They appear alongside Endašurimma and Nindašurimma among underworld deities listed as recipients of offerings in a late Assyrian text.Шаблон:Sfn The primordial deity Nindukuga is to be distinguished from the use of the same name as an epithet of Ellamesi, the wife of Šumugan, attested in An = Anum (tablet III, line 205).Шаблон:Sfn
Enan(na) and Ninan(na)	"heaven"Шаблон:Sfn	the variants Enan and Ninan, "lord heaven" and "lady heaven", are already attested in the Early Dynastic period while Enanna and Ninanna, "lord of heaven" and "lady of heaven" are later reinterpretations; Ninan(na) is to be distinguished from Ninanna understood as an epithet of Inanna (An = Anum, tablet IV, lines 2 and 187),.Шаблон:Sfn
Enutila and Ninutila	"past"Шаблон:Sfn	The spelling of Enutila's name shows a degree of variety.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In some cases, he appears alone, without Ninutila.Шаблон:Sfn He was also not always regarded as an ancestor of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn A myth mentioning him, The Defeat of Enutila, Enmešarra, and Qingu, is known, but only 18 lines survive.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew R. George suggests that in this context, Enutila is to be understood as Enmešarra's father.Шаблон:Sfn According to Wilfred G. Lambert, due to containing descriptions of the defeats of many deities, this text should be understood as a late scholarly compilation of originally separate fragments rather than as a traditional myth.Шаблон:Sfn
Enmešarra and Ninmešarra	"countless me"Шаблон:Sfn	Enmešarra has been described as the best known of the deities belonging to the category of ancestors of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn However, he was not always counted among them.Шаблон:Sfn In some cases he appears alongside the en-nin pairs, but without a corresponding female deity.Шаблон:Sfn The goddess Ninmešarra, who is to be distinguished from the identical epithets of Inanna (already attested in the writings of Enheduanna) and Ninlil,Шаблон:Sfn most likely only developed after was incorporated into lists of ancestors of Enlil, in order to provide him with a matching spouse.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert suggests that initially a tradition in which Enmešarra was Enlil's father existed and only with time he was instead integrated into the Enki-Ninki tradition.Шаблон:Sfn However, he acknowledged that direct statements to that effect are not known, and that in the text Enlil and Namzitarra, Enmešarra is his paternal uncle instead.Шаблон:Sfn
Enkum and Ninkum		The names Enkum and Ninkum could be used both as theonyms and as a designation of a type of human functionary.Шаблон:Sfn Frans Wiggermann notes that while in some cases they appear among ancestors of Enlil, they are also attested as courtiers of Enki, and on this basis argues it is possible a tradition where they were his ancestors instead existed.Шаблон:Sfn A single text connects Enkum with the term kummu, "bedroom", which might indicate that his name was understood as "lord bed", from Sumerian en kum, though this proposal remains unproven.Шаблон:Sfn

Related deities

Ancestors of Enlil could sometimes be mentioned alongside other, normally unrelated primordial figures.Шаблон:Sfn In An = Anum, Enšar and Ninšar occur among ancestors of Anu, and additionally another listed pair, Enuruulla and Ninuruulla, follows the en-nin pattern.Шаблон:Sfn In the so-called Gattung I, a compilation of exorcistic formulas, deities belonging to the lists of ancestors of Anu, namely the pair Enuruulla and Ninuruulla and Anshar and Kishar, occur among ancestors of Enlil instead.Шаблон:Sfn An Old Babylonian incantation also links a pair of ancestral deities usually connected to Anu, Dūri and Dāri, with Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn

Dina Katz proposes that Ereshkigal might have developed from Ninki.Шаблон:Sfn She assumes that the former might have split from the latter at some point between the reign of Eannatum and Uruinimgina.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast with Ninki, Ereshkigal does not appear in Early Dynastic god lists.Шаблон:Sfn

Andrew R. George has suggested that the portrayal of the ancestors of Enlil as no longer active figures dwelling in the underworld makes it possible to compare them to the so-called "Seven Conquered Enlils".Шаблон:Sfn This group of deities was associated with Enmešarra.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Alfonso Archi, Mesopotamian primordial deities such as the ancestors of Enlil might have influenced similar groups in Hurrian mythology.Шаблон:Sfn Two of such Hurrian deities, Minki and Amunki, might be derived from Ninki and the Emesal form of Enki, Umunki.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert has proposed that their names developed from possible phonetic variants of the Sumerian ones not attested in textual sources.Шаблон:Sfn Archi additionally suggests that another of the Hurrian primordial deities, Namšara, might have been derived from Enmešarra.Шаблон:Sfn

Karel van der Toorn argues that the Ugaritic god Ilib can be considered a representation of a theological idea analogous to the ancestors of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

The death of Gilgameš in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
Enlil and Nam-zid-tara in the ETCSL

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Английская Википедия:Ancestors of Enlil

Содержание

Terminology

Position in Mesopotamian mythology

Attestations

List of ancestors of Enlil

Related deities

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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