Английская Википедия:Ancient Macedonian language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Cleanup lang Шаблон:Infobox language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians which was either a dialect of Ancient Greek or a separate Hellenic language. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC and belonged to the Indo-European language family. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the Hellenistic period.[1] It became extinct during either the Hellenistic or Roman imperial period, and was entirely replaced by Koine Greek.[2]

While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),[3][4] fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet.[5][6][7] This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek, and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect or a distinct sister language of Greek.

Classification

Due to the fragmentary attestation of this dialect or language, various interpretations are possible.[8][9] Suggested classifications of ancient Macedonian include:[10][11]

Properties

Because of the fragmentary sources of Ancient Macedonian, only a little is understood about the special features of the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates (/bʰ, dʰ, gʰ/) sometimes appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written Шаблон:Lang), whereas they were generally unvoiced as /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (Шаблон:Lang) elsewhere in Ancient Greek.[24]

If Шаблон:Lang gotán ('pig') is related to *gwou ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Laconian Doric (the dialect of Sparta) Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl for common Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl, as well as Doric Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl and Ionic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl for common Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl.[27]

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: Шаблон:Lang kánadoi, 'jaws' (< PIE Шаблон:Lang); Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl, 'molars' (< PIE Шаблон:Lang); within words: Шаблон:Lang arkón (Attic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl); the Macedonian toponym Шаблон:Transl, from the Pierian name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Шаблон:Transl).

In Aristophanes' The Birds, the form Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl ('red head', the name of a bird, perhaps the goldfinch or redpoll) is found,[28] showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl versus Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl ('head'). Emilio Crespo, a researcher at the Autonomous University of Madrid, wrote that "the voicing of voiceless stops and the development of aspirates into voiced fricatives turns out to be the outcome of an internal development of Macedonian as a dialect of Greek" without excluding "the presence of interference from other languages or of any linguistic substrate or adstrate", as also argued by M. Hatzopoulos.[29]

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius of Alexandria' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), with tau (Шаблон:Lang) replacing a digamma.[30] If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.Шаблон:Citation needed

A. Panayotou summarizes some features generally identified through ancient texts and epigraphy:[31]

Phonology

Morphology

Ancient Macedonian morphology is shared with ancient Epirus, including some of the oldest inscriptions from Dodona.[33] The morphology of the first declension nouns with an -ας ending is also shared with Thessalian (e.g. Epitaph for Pyrrhiadas, Kierion[34]).

Onomastics

Anthroponymy

M. Hatzopoulos and Johannes Engels summarize the Macedonian anthroponymy (that is names borne by people from Macedonia before the expansion beyond the Axios or people undoubtedly hailing from this area after the expansion) as follows:[35][36]

  • Epichoric (local) Greek names that either differ from the phonology of the introduced Attic or that remained almost confined to Macedonians throughout antiquity
  • Panhellenic (common) Greek names
  • Identifiable non-Greek (Thracian and Illyrian) names
  • Names without a clear Greek etymology that can't however be ascribed to any identifiable non-Greek linguistic group.

Common in the creation of ethnics is the use of -έστης, -εστός especially when derived from sigmatic nouns (ὄρος > Ὀρέστης but also Δῖον > Διασταί).[31]

Per Engels, the above material supports that Macedonian anthroponymy was predominantly Greek in character.[36]

Toponymy

The toponyms of Macedonia proper are generally Greek, though some of them show a particular phonology and a few others are non-Greek.

Calendar

Шаблон:Further The Macedonian calendar's origins go back to Greek prehistory. The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of the Greek gods.[37] Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas (“Guardian”) ; Ξανδικός/Ξανθικός from Xanthos, “the blond” (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is attested in other Greek calendars as well.[37] According to Martin P. Nilsson, the Macedonian calendar is formed like a regular Greek one and the names of the months attest the Greek nationality of the Macedonians.[37]

Epigraphy

Macedonian onomastics: the earliest epigraphical documents attesting substantial numbers of Macedonian proper names are the second Athenian alliance decree with Perdiccas II (~417–413 BC), the decree of Kalindoia (~335–300 BC) and seven curse tablets of the 4th century BC bearing mostly names.[38][39]

About 99% of the roughly 6,300 inscriptions discovered by archaeologists within the confines of ancient Macedonia were written in the Greek language, using the Greek alphabet.[41] The legends in all currently discovered coins also in Greek.[41] The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek dialect, found in 1986 and dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialect group.[42]

Hesychius' glossary

Шаблон:External links

A body of idiomatic words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names, though the number of considered words sometimes differs from scholar to scholar. The majority of these words can be confidently assigned to Greek albeit some words would appear to reflect a dialectal form of Greek. There are, however, a number of words that are not easily identifiable as Greek and reveal, for example, voiced stops where Greek shows voiceless aspirates.[43]

Шаблон:Angbr marked words which have been corrupted.

Other sources

Proposed

A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian[66]

Macedonian in Classical sources

Шаблон:Further information Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as Шаблон:Lang for Шаблон:Lang "you Athenians", Шаблон:Lang being also attested in Homer, Sappho (Lesbian) and Theocritus (Doric), while Шаблон:Lang appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.[67]

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolians in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians, Acarnanians and Macedonians were "men of the same language".[68] This has been interpreted as referring to a shared North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).[69] In another passage, Livy states that an announcement was translated from Latin to Greek for Macedonians to understand.[70]

Quintus Curtius Rufus, Philotas's trial[71] and the statement that the Greek-speaking Branchidae had common language with the Macedonians.[72]

Over time, "Macedonian" (μακεδονικός), when referring to language (and related expressions such as μακεδονίζειν; to speak in the Macedonian fashion) acquired the meaning of Koine Greek.[73]

Contributions to the Koine

Шаблон:Further information As a consequence of the Macedonians' role in the formation of the Koine, Macedonian contributed considerable elements, unsurprisingly including some military terminology (διμοιρίτης, ταξίαρχος, ὑπασπισταί, etc.). Among the many contributions were the general use of the first declension grammar for male and female nouns with an -as ending, attested in the genitive of Macedonian coinage from the early 4th century BC of Amyntas III (ΑΜΥΝΤΑ in the genitive; the Attic form that fell into disuse would be ΑΜΥΝΤΟΥ). There were changes in verb conjugation such as in the Imperative δέξα attested in Macedonian sling stones found in Asiatic battlefields, that became adopted in place of the Attic forms. Koine Greek established a spirantisation of beta, gamma and delta, which has been attributed to the Macedonian influence.[74]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Refbegin

  1. Шаблон:Note The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), Macedonian, Simpson J. A. & Weiner E. S. C. (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, Vol. IX, Шаблон:ISBN (set) Шаблон:ISBN (vol. IX) p. 153
  2. Шаблон:NoteWebster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1976), Macedonian, USA:Merriam-Webster, G. & C. Merriam Co., vol. II (H–R) Шаблон:ISBN

Шаблон:Refend

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Paleo-Balkan languages Шаблон:Ancient Greece topics Шаблон:Greek language

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. Шаблон:ISBN
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  14. ↑ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
  15. ↑ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95:"This (i.e. Pella curse tablet) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect".
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite speech
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
    "Ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. From the 4th century BC on began the Hellenization of ancient Macedonian."
  23. ↑ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
  24. ↑ Exceptions to the rule:
  25. ↑ Greek Questions 292e – Question 9 – Why do Delphians call one of their months Bysios [1].
  26. ↑ Česko-jihoslovenská revue, Volume 4, 1934, p. 187.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930, 21.
  28. ↑ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, κεβλήπυρις. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ Olivier Masson, "Sur la notation occasionnelle du digamma grec par d'autres consonnes et la glose macédonienne abroutes", Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, 90 (1995) 231–239. Also proposed by O. Hoffmann and J. Kalleris.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Cambridge University Press (2007), p. 439–441
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Packard Institute epigraphic database Шаблон:Webarchive
  33. ↑ Eric Lhote (2006) Les lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone. Droz, Geneve.
  34. ↑ Roberts, E.S., An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy vol. 1 no. 237
  35. ↑ Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, Elaine Matthews, Simon Hornblower, Peter Marshall Fraser, British Academy, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 103
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Athens, bottom-IG I³ 89 – Kalindoia-Meletemata 11 K31 – Pydna-SEG 52:617,I (6) till SEG 52:617,VI – Mygdonia-SEG 49:750
  39. ↑ Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence [2] by Simon Hornblower, Elaine Matthews
  40. ↑ SEG 49-750. Oraiokastro. Defixio, Classical period – Brill Reference
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  42. ↑ "...but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", Olivier Masson, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996.
  43. ↑ J. P. Mallory & D.Q Adams – Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, Chicago-London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 361. Шаблон:ISBN
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Lang by J. N. Kalleris
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ (Izela) Die Makedonen, Ihre Sprache und Ihr Volkstum [3] by Otto Hoffmann
  52. ↑ Aleksandar Mikić, Origin of the Words Denoting Some of the Most Ancient Old World Pulse Crops and Their Diversity in Modern European Languages (2012) [4]
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Kalleris, p. 238–240
  56. ↑ Kalleris, p. 108
  57. ↑ Athenaeus Deipnosophists 3.114b.
  58. ↑ Deipnosophists 10.455e.
  59. ↑ Pokorny [5]Шаблон:Dead link, Gerhard Köbler Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Kalleris, p. 172–179, 242
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  64. ↑ Poetics (Aristotle)-XXI [6]
  65. ↑ Kalleris, p. 274
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  67. ↑ Steven Colvin, Dialect in Aristophanes and the politics of language in Ancient Greek, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 279.
  68. ↑ Livy, The History of Rome, 31.29.15, on Perseus
  69. ↑ A. Panayotou: The position of the Macedonian dialect. In: Maria Arapopoulou, Maria Chritē, Anastasios-Phoivos Christides (eds.), A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 433–458 (Google Books).
  70. ↑ Livy, The History of Rome, 45.29, on Perseus
  71. ↑ E. Kapetanopoulos. "Alexander’s Patrius Sermo in the Philotas Affair", The Ancient World 30 (1999), pp. 117–128. (PDF Шаблон:Webarchive or HTM Шаблон:Webarchive)
  72. ↑ Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, VII.5.33, (Loeb edition, Latin), (John C. Rolfe, English translation)
  73. ↑ C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, 1994, «Le Macédonien» in Langues indo-européennes, p. 208
  74. ↑ George Babiniotis (1992) The question of mediae in ancient Macedonian Greek reconsidered. In: Historical Philology: Greek, Latin, and Romance, Bela Brogyanyi, Reiner Lipp, 1992 John Benjamins Publishing)
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