Английская Википедия:Andean Spanish
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Spanish language
Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish spoken in the central Andes, from southern Colombia, with influence as far south as northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina, passing through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. While similar to other Spanish dialects, Andean Spanish shows influence from Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, due to prolonged and intense language contact. This influence is especially strong in rural areas.[1]
Phonology
- In Andean Spanish, the Шаблон:IPA is never aspirated in the final position and so is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA, but it is sometimes pronounced apical, rather than laminal,[2] a trait characteristic of Northern Spain. The apical sound is sometimes perceived as transitional between Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink, and it is associated with a large number of northern Spanish settlers in Andean region. Шаблон:Citation needed In southern Bolivia and northern Chile, syllable-final /s/ is mostly aspirated.
- As in all American dialects of Spanish, Andean Spanish has Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA is not distinguished from Шаблон:IPA). Thus, Шаблон:Lang ("house") and Шаблон:Lang ("hunt") are homophones. However, in Cusco Region and Cajamarca, many speakers realize Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA in many words, particularly in Шаблон:Lang.[2][3][4][5] Шаблон:Lang is common to all of America, the Canary Islands, and several areas in southern Spain.
- Especially in the Ecuadorian variant, coda Шаблон:IPA is often voiced to Шаблон:IPAblink before a vowel or before a voiced consonant (including sonorants), but the latter is also a feature of most other Spanish dialects.[1] In the Peruvian variant, it is palatalized before Шаблон:IPA.
- In Bolivia, Ecuador, and southern Peru, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink do not merge (lack of yeísmo).[1]Шаблон:Sfnp In northern Ecuador, Шаблон:IPA tends to be pronounced as a voiced postalveolar fricative.[6] However, yeísmo is on the rise among Ecuador's middle and upper classes.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Often the vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are merged because of the influence of the trivocal system of Quechua and Aymara.[1]
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are assibilated to Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink, respectively.[1] This is in decline among the middle and upper classes.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is velar Шаблон:IPAblink rather than glottal Шаблон:IPAblink.
- Шаблон:IPA is realised as bilabial Шаблон:IPAblink, sometimes with an epenthetic Шаблон:IPA following.[1]
- Emphasis is given to the consonants but the vowels are weakened, especially for unstressed syllables (like in Mexican Spanish, but not as marked).[1]Шаблон:Sfnp
- The intonation patterns of some Andean accents, such as those of Cusco, have been influenced by those of Quechua. Even monolingual Spanish speakers can show Quechua influence in their intonation.[7][8]
Syntax and morphology
Voseo is common in the Bolivian and Ecuadorian Andes, largely among rural and poorer speakers. It is nearly extinct in Peru. Some speakers tend towards pronominal voseo, using Шаблон:Lang with the Шаблон:Lang conjugations of verbs, whereas more indigenous speakers tend to use the Шаблон:Lang conjugations.[1]
Words like Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are often used similarly to the modal suffixes of Quechua and Aymara. They can be stacked at the end of a clause:
Шаблон:Lang "Just go ahead and tell him."[1]
Andean Spanish also widely uses redundant "double possessives" as in:
Шаблон:Lang "I'm going to Maria's house."[1]
This also shows how Шаблон:Lang can indicate "motion towards" in the Andes. Шаблон:Lang may also be used "before a locative adverb, as in Шаблон:Lang 'I live here' or Шаблон:Lang 'Water is coming out there.'"[1]
Due to Aymara and Quechua influence, Andean Spanish often uses the pluperfect tense or clause-final Шаблон:Lang "he/she says" to indicate evidentiality.[1] Evidential Шаблон:Lang is more common in monolingual Peruvian Spanish.[1]
In upper Ecuador, a Шаблон:Lang + gerund construction is common, ie:
Шаблон:Lang "Pedro fixed my watch."[1]
Vocabulary
Andean Spanish typically uses more loans from Aymara and Quechua than other Spanish varieties.[1] In addition, some common words have different meanings. Шаблон:Lang, meaning "foot," can refer to the whole leg, due to Aymara influence. Шаблон:Lang ("always") can mean "still."[1]
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Escobar, Alberto: Variaciones sociolingüísticas del castellano en el Perú.- Lima 1978.-
- Granda, German: Estudios de lingüística andina.- Lima Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2001.-
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Lapesa, Rafael.: Historia de la lengua española.- Madrid, 1986.-
- Canfield, Delos Lincoln.: La pronunciación del español de América.- Chicago, The University of Chicago, 1981.-
- Mackenzie, Ian: A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish.- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 35.- Шаблон:ISBN.
Шаблон:Languages of Argentina Шаблон:Languages of Bolivia Шаблон:Languages of Colombia Шаблон:Languages of Ecuador Шаблон:Languages of Peru Шаблон:Spanish variants by continent
