Английская Википедия:Anders Bure

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Anders Bure (before his ennoblement Andreas Bureus; 14 August 1571 – 4 or 24 February 1646Шаблон:Sfn) was a Swedish cartographer, considered the "father of Swedish cartography". He worked in the royal chancellery and in 1603 was commissioned to produce a map of the Nordic countries by the future King Charles IX of Sweden. He produced a first map, covering the northern parts of Sweden, in 1611; it was considerably more accurate than earlier attempts at mapmaking and has been called the first real map of Sweden. It was followed by a more comprehensive map of Scandinavia in 1626, which would become a model for mapmakers for generations. In 1628, he became de facto the first head of Lantmäteriet, the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral, and Land Registration Authority. He was ennobled in 1624.

Biographical background and employment in the royal chancellery

Little is known about Bure's early life. He was born in Säbrå; his parents were Reverend Шаблон:Ill and his first wife Elisabet Andersdotter of the Bure kinship.Шаблон:Sfn Two of his brothers also became prominent: Шаблон:Ill became head of the National Archives of Sweden, and his other brother Шаблон:Ill became physician to King Gustavus Adolphus and also became mayor of Stockholm.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Anders Bure probably studied at Uppsala University or at a university abroad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is also possible that he received training from his cousin, the polymath Johannes Bureus, or perhaps from Johannes Rudbeckius.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The first tangible information about the life of Bure dates from 1602, when he was assigned to bring order to a collection of documents for the royal chancellery, later filed in the national archive.Шаблон:Sfn The job had earlier been offered to his cousin, who turned it down.Шаблон:Sfn During this period, Bure acquired an astrolabe and, together with his cousin and a third person, produced a map of Stockholm.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Johannes Bureus further mentions in his diary that Anders Bure discussed the use of astronomic instruments with him, and that Bure on at least one occasion made stellar observations from Stockholm Palace.Шаблон:Sfn

He would continue working within the royal chancellery (the precursor to the Government offices) with a variety of tasks, including diplomatic tasks concerning Russia.Шаблон:Sfn In 1605 and again in 1634, he accompanied delegations to Russia, and he participated in a commission to regulate the border with Russia following the Treaty of Stolbovo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He also participated in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Knäred which ended the Kalmar War in 1613.Шаблон:Sfn

He married Kjerstin Krabbe in 1604 and was ennobled in 1624, at the same time as his brother Jonas;Шаблон:Sfn until his ennoblement, he used Bureus as his family name. He died in Stockholm.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Cartography

Файл:Map of Lapland by Anders Bure.jpg

Lapponia, dated 1611. Near-contemporary copy of Bure's original.

Anders Bure has been called the "father of Swedish cartography".Шаблон:Sfn In 1603, Bure received a commission from the future King Charles IX of Sweden (at the time Duke Charles) to make a map of the Nordic countries.Шаблон:Sfn Charles had a personal interest in cartography, but the wider reasons were political, military and cameral; within a few generations the Swedish state would for these reasons finance and orchestrate the complete mapping of the country.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

He produced a first map in 1611, covering the northern part of Sweden.Шаблон:Sfn This limited range has been connected with the geopolitical ambitions of Charles IX, who entertained plans for a Swedish expedition towards the Arctic Ocean.Шаблон:Sfn The map was based on substantial research, both archival research and, apparently, field studies, and was considerably more accurate than earlier depictions of the region.Шаблон:Sfn For example, the river systems and lakes of northern Sweden are rendered in a basically correct way.Шаблон:Sfn While nautical charts and relatively accurate maps existed for many areas around Sweden, no reliable map had hitherto been made of the country; the Carta marina made by Olaus Magnus in 1539 was geographically inaccurate (though ethnographically important).Шаблон:Sfn Because of this, Bure's map — which had the Latin title Lapponise, Bothniae Cajaniseque regni Suecie provinciarum septentrionalium nova delineatio sculpta anno domini 1611 (often shortened to just Lapponia) — has been called the "first real map" of Sweden.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historian Шаблон:Ill notes in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon that "through its level of detail and correctness" the map constituted "extraordinary progress for its time, and was unprecedented in the Nordic countries".Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Orbis Arctoi nova et accurata delineatio Anders Bure 1626.jpg

Bure's 1626 map of Scandinavia, from the collections of the National Library of Sweden

Bure worked for several years on the map he had originally been commissioned to make. Funding was supplied through royal patronage, including through a gift from King Gustavus Adolphus of more than 1,000 bibles, which Bure was to sell in order to get more money to the project.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1626 he could publish the map, covering most of Scandinavia, the present-day Baltic states and parts of Russia and northern Germany. Its Latin title is Orbis Arctoi, imprimisque amplissimi regni Sueciae tabula.Шаблон:Sfn The map measures Шаблон:Convert, employs a simple conic projection, and a scale of 1:200,000. It was published in six sheets and accompanied by a commentary written by Bure.Шаблон:Sfn This map was based on even more thorough research, and also data from contemporary Dutch maps. The result "marked a definite breakthrough in Swedish cartography and significant advance in the representation of that region."Шаблон:Sfn It was quickly copied by cartographers abroad and became widely distributed through atlases, and formed the basis for almost all maps of Sweden published outside the country until the end of the 18th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It has been called "the declaration of independence of Swedish cartography".Шаблон:Sfn

Following these successes, Bure was given new tasks related to cartography in 1628. He was given the title generalmatematikus ("general mathematician"), a unique title in Swedish administration, only bestowed once through history.Шаблон:Sfn His new job consisted in training new surveyors and producing maps of the provinces and cities of Sweden; in practice creating Lantmäteriet, the Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority, of which he became the first de facto head.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The instructions he wrote for the agency would be applied for the next 200 years.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources cited

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Шаблон:Commonscat inline