Английская Википедия:Andrew I of Hungary

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Andrew I the White or the Catholic (Шаблон:Lang-hu or Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:C. 1015 – before 6 December 1060) was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060. He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty. After spending fifteen years in exile, he ascended the throne during an extensive revolt from the pagan Hungarians. He strengthened the position of Catholicism in the Kingdom of Hungary and successfully defended its independence against the Holy Roman Empire.

His efforts to ensure the succession of his son, Solomon, resulted in the open revolt of his brother, Béla. Béla dethroned Andrew by force in 1060. Andrew suffered severe injuries during the fighting and died before his brother was crowned king.

Early life

Childhood (c. 1015–1031)

Medieval sources provide two contradictory reports of the parents of Andrew, and his two brothers, Levente and Béla.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the Chronicle of Zagreb and Saint Gerard's LifeШаблон:Sfn write that their father was Vazul, a grandson of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Шаблон:R. c. 955 – c. 970).Шаблон:Sfn The Illuminated Chronicle and other medieval sources write of Vazul's relationship with "some girl" from the Tátony clan who bore his sons, who thus "were not born of a true marriage-bed".[1]Шаблон:Sfn According to a concurrent tradition, which has been preserved by most chronicles, the three princes were the sons of Vazul's brother, Ladislas the Bald.Шаблон:Sfn Modern historians, who reject the latter report, agree that Andrew and his brothers were the sons of Vazul and his concubine from the Tátony clan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the historian Gyula Kristó, Andrew was the second among Vazul's three sons. He writes that Andrew was born around 1015.Шаблон:Sfn

In exile (1031–1046)

According to medieval chronicles, Vazul was blinded during the reign of his cousin, King Stephen I, the first Christian monarch of Hungary (r. 997–1038).Шаблон:Sfn The king ordered Vazul's mutilation after the death, in 1031, of Emeric, his only son surviving infancy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The contemporary Annals of Altaich writes that the king himself ordered the mutilation of one of his kinsmen, who had strong claim to the throne, in an attempt to ensure a peaceful succession to his own sister's son, Peter Orseolo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The same source adds that the king expelled his blinded cousin's three sons from Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn According to the contrasting report of the Hungarian chronicles, King Stephen wanted to save the young princes' lives from their enemies in the royal court and "counselled them with all speed"[2] to depart from Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn

Prince Emeric's funeral and the blinding of Vazul
The blinding of Vazul after the death of Emeric, the only son of King Stephen I of Hungary (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

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Exiled from Hungary, Andrew and his brothers settled in the court of Duke Oldřich of Bohemia (r. 1012–1033).Шаблон:Sfn Here they came across King Mieszko II of Poland (r. 1025–1031, 1032–1034)Шаблон:Sfn who likewise took refuge in Bohemia after his opponents had expelled him from his kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn The Polish monarch regained his crown and returned to Poland in 1032.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew, Béla and Levente, whose "condition of life was poor and mean"[3] in Bohemia, followed Mieszko II who received them "kindly and honourably"[3] in Poland.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After the youngest among them, Béla, married a daughter of Mieszko II, Andrew and Levente decided to depart from Poland, because they "felt that they would be living in Poland under their brother's shadow",[4] according to Simon of Kéza.Шаблон:Sfn

Hungarian chronicles have preserved a story full of fabulous or anachronistic details of the two brothers' ensuing wanderings.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, they narrate that Andrew and Levente were captured by Cumans,Шаблон:Sfn but the latter only arrived in Europe in the 1050s.Шаблон:Sfn Having faced many hardships, Andrew and Levente established themselves in the court of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1019–1054) in the late 1030s. The grand prince gave his daughter Anastasia in marriage to Andrew.Шаблон:Sfn Kristó writes that Andrew, who had up to that time remained pagan, was baptized on this occasion.Шаблон:Sfn

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Return to Hungary (1046)

St Gerard's martyrdom
Pagans slaughtering priests and the martyrdom of Bishop Gerard of Csanád depicted in the Anjou Legendarium

In the meantime, King Peter Orseolo, who had succeeded King Stephen in Hungary in 1038, alienated many lords and prelates from himself, especially when he solemnly recognized the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III in 1045.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the Illuminated Chronicle, the discontented lords, "seeing the sufferings of their people",[5] assembled in Csanád (Cenad, Romania).Шаблон:Sfn They agreed to send envoys to Andrew and Levente in Kiev in order to persuade them to return to Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn Fearing "some treacherous ambush",[6] the two brothers only set out after the agents they had sent to Hungary confirmed that the Hungarians were ripe for an uprising against the king.Шаблон:Sfn

By the time the two brothers decided to return, a revolt had broken out in Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn It was dominated by pagans who captured many clergymen and mercilessly slaughtered them.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew and Levente met the rebels at Abaújvár.Шаблон:Sfn The Illuminated Chronicle narrates how the pagans urged the dukes "to allow the whole people to live according to the rites of the pagans, to kill the bishops and the clergy, to destroy the churches, to throw off the Christian faith and to worship idols".[6]Шаблон:Sfn The same source adds that Andrew and Levente gave in to all their demands, "for otherwise they would not fight"[6] for them against King Peter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Annals of Altaich states that Andrew "savagely raged against the flock of the Holy Church".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Even so, Bishop Gerard of Csanád and four other prelates were ready to join Andrew, but the pagans captured and slaughtered three of them (including Gerard) at Buda.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn King Peter decided to flee from Hungary and take refuge in Austria.Шаблон:Sfn However, Andrew's envoys tricked the king into returning before he reached the frontier, and they captured and blinded him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reign

Coronation (1046–1047)

Most Hungarian lords and the prelates opposed the restoration of paganism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They preferred the devout Christian Andrew to his pagan brother Levente,Шаблон:Sfn even if, at least according to Kristó and Steinhübel, the latter was the eldest among Vazul's three sons.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Hungarian chronicles write that Levente, who died in short time, did not oppose his brother's ascension to the throne.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The three bishops who had survived the pagan uprising crowned Andrew in Székesfehérvár in the last quarter of 1046 or in the spring of 1047.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Historian Ferenc Makk writes that Andrew was crowned with a crown that the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos had sent to him.Шаблон:Sfn Nine enamelled plaques from this golden crown were unearthed in Nyitraivánka (Ivanka pri Nitre, Slovakia) in the 19th century.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew soon broke with his pagan supporters, restored Christianity and declared pagan rites illegal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Kosztolnyik, Andrew's epithets (the White or the Catholic) are connected to these events.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Coronation of Andrew I (Chronicon Pictum 060).jpg
Coronation of Andrew I (Illuminated Chronicle)

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Wars with the Holy Roman Empire (1047–1053)

The contemporaneous Hermann of Reichenau narrates that Andrew "sent frequent envoys with humble entreaties" to Emperor Henry III, proposing "an annual tribute and faithful service"[7] if the emperor recognized his reign.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew persuaded his brother, Béla, to return from Poland to Hungary in 1048.Шаблон:Sfn He also granted his brother one third of the kingdomШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn with the title of duke.Шаблон:Sfn Béla's duchy comprised two regions which were centered on Nyitra (Nitra, Slovakia) and Bihar (Biharia, Romania).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Skirmishes on the frontier between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire first occurred in 1050.Шаблон:Sfn Emperor Henry invaded Hungary in AugustШаблон:Sfn 1051, but Andrew and Béla successfully applied scorched earth tactics against the imperial troops and forced them to withdraw.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Legend says that the Vértes Hills near Székesfehérvár were named after the armours—vért in Hungarian—which were discarded by the retreating German soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn

Andrew initiated new peace negotiations with the emperor and promised to pay an annual tribute, but his offers were refused.Шаблон:Sfn Next summer, the emperor returned to Hungary and laid siege to Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia).Шаблон:Sfn Zotmund, "a most skilful swimmer"[8] scuttled the emperor's ships.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After Pope Leo IX mediated a peace treaty, the emperor lifted the siege and withdrew from Hungary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Andrew soon refused to fulfill his promises made under duress,Шаблон:Sfn and even allied with Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria, a prominent opponent of Emperor Henry III.Шаблон:Sfn

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Succession crisis and death (1053–1060)

Andrew's queen, Anastasia, gave birth to a son, named Solomon in 1053.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew attempted to make his son's succession secure, even against his brother, Béla, who had a strong claim to succeed Andrew according to the traditional principle of agnatic seniority.Шаблон:Sfn

Béla chooses the sword
The scene at Tiszavárkony depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle: the paralyzed Andrew forces his brother, Béla to choose between the crown and the sword

The brothers' relationship did not deteriorate immediately after Solomon's birth.Шаблон:Sfn In the deed of the foundation of the Tihany Abbey, a Benedictine monastery established in 1055 by Andrew, Duke Béla was listed among the lords witnessing the act.Шаблон:Sfn This charter, although primarily written in Latin, contains the earliest extant text—Feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea ("on the military road which leads to Fehérvár")—written in Hungarian.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew also established a lavra for Orthodox hermits in Tihany and an Orthodox monastery near Visegrád.Шаблон:Sfn The Third Book of Law of King Ladislaus I of Hungary (r. 1077–1095) refers to an "estate survey of the judge Sarkas" under "King Andrew and Duke Béla".[9]Шаблон:Sfn According to György Györffy, the serfs of the royal domains were registered during this survey which took place around 1056.Шаблон:Sfn

Andrew suffered a stroke which paralyzed him.Шаблон:Sfn In an attempt to strengthen his son's claim to the throne, he had the four-year-old Solomon crowned in the one-year-long period beginning in the autumn of 1057.Шаблон:Sfn For the same purpose, Andrew also arranged the engagement of his son with Judith—a daughter of the late Emperor Henry III, and sister of the new German monarch, Henry IV (r. 1056–1105)—in September 1058.Шаблон:Sfn Thereafter, according to an episode narrated by most Hungarian chronicles, the king invited Duke Béla to a meeting at Tiszavárkony.Шаблон:Sfn At their meeting, Andrew seemingly offered his brother to freely choose between a crown and a sword, which were the symbols of the kingdom and the ducatus, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Duke Béla, who had previously been informed by his partisans in Andrew's court that he would be murdered on the king's order if he opted for the crown, chose the sword.Шаблон:Sfn

However, Béla, who actually had no intention of renouncing his claim to succeed his brother in favor of his nephew, fled to Poland and sought military assistance from Duke Boleslaus II of Poland (r. 1058–1079).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn With Duke Boleslaus's support, Béla returned to Hungary at the head of Polish troops.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the Dowager Empress Agnes—who governed the Holy Roman Empire in the name of her minor son, Henry IV—sent Bavarian, Bohemian and Saxon troops to assist Andrew.Шаблон:Sfn

The decisive battle was fought in the regions east of the river Tisza.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew suffered injuries and lost the battle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He attempted to flee to the Holy Roman Empire, but his brother's partisans routed his retinue at Moson.Шаблон:Sfn The Annals of Niederaltaich narrates that wagons and horses trampled him in the battlefield.Шаблон:Sfn Mortally wounded, Andrew was captured and taken by his brother's partisans to ZircШаблон:Sfn where "he was treated with neglect",[10] according to the Illuminated Chronicle.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew died in the royal manor there before his brother was crowned king on 6 December 1060.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew was buried in the crypt of the church of the Tihany Abbey.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Two boys, one of the wearing a crown
The two sons of Andrew by his wife, Anastasia of Kiev, King Solomon of Hungary (r. 1063–1074) and Duke David

Andrew's wife, Anastasia, was the daughter of Grand Duke Yaroslav I the Wise of Kiev by his wife, Ingegerd, who herself was the daughter of King Olof Skötkonung of Sweden.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew married Anastasia, who was born in about 1020, around 1038.Шаблон:Sfn Their first child, Adelaide, was born around 1040.Шаблон:Sfn She became the wife of Vratislaus II of Bohemia, who was initially Duke and, from 1085, King of Bohemia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Andrew and Anastasia's first son, Solomon, was born in 1053, their second son, David, some years later.Шаблон:Sfn Neither Solomon nor David fathered sons; the male line of Andrew's family died out with their deaths by the end of the 11th century.Шаблон:Sfn

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Medieval chronicles write that Andrew had a natural son, named George, "by a concubine"[11] from the village of Pilismarót.Шаблон:Sfn Since his name was popular among Orthodox believers, Gyula Kristó says that his mother may have been a Rus' lady-in-waiting of Andrew's queen.Шаблон:Sfn The story that the Clan Drummond in Scotland are descended from George[12] and his son Maurice[13][14][15] is not accepted by some scholars.Шаблон:Sfn

The following family tree presents Andrew's ancestry, his offspring, and some of his relatives mentioned in the article.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end *A Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady.
**Györffy writes that she may have been a member of the Bulgarian Cometopuli dynasty.

Gallery

References

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Sources

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Primary sources

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  • "Herman of Reichenau, Chronicle" (2008). In Robinson, I. S. Eleventh-Century Germany: The Swabian Chronicles. Manchester University Press. pp. 58–98. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • "The Laws of King Ladislas I (1077–1095): Book Three". In The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. pp. 15–22. Шаблон:ISBN. Шаблон:OCLC. Шаблон:OCLC. Шаблон:LCCN. Шаблон:OL. (ISBN may be misprinted in the book as 88445-29-2).

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Secondary sources

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Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-reg |- Шаблон:Succession box Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:Hungarian kings Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 60.87), p. 113.
  2. ↑ Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 2.44), p. 107.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 53.78), p. 110.
  4. ↑ Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 52.), p. 121.
  5. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 55.81), p. 111.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 56.82), p. 111.
  7. ↑ Herman of Reichenau, Chronicle (year 1047), p. 82.
  8. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 61.89), p. 114.
  9. ↑ Laws of King Ladislas I (Ladislas III:2), p. 1.
  10. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 66.93), p. 116.
  11. ↑ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 61.88), p. 113.
  12. ↑ The Peerage of Scotland by Peter Brown, Edinburgh, 1834, p.98.
  13. ↑ Systems of Heraldry by Alexander Nisbet, Edinburgh, 1722, vol.1, p.60.
  14. ↑ The Baronage of Scotland by Sir Robert Douglas, Bt., et al, Edinburgh, 1798, p.571.
  15. ↑ The Scottish Nation by William Anderson, Edinburgh, 1867, vol.iv, p.60.
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