Английская Википедия:Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice The following is a list of common non-native pronunciations that English speakers make when trying to speak foreign languages. Many of these are due to transfer of phonological rules from English to the new language as well as differences in grammar and syntax that they encounter.

This article uses International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciation. See Help:IPA pronunciation key and IPA chart for English for an introduction.

Esperanto

• English speakers tend to assimilate Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, as well Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, neither of which occurs in "strictly regular" Esperanto.Шаблон:Sfnp However, since Zamenhof himself recognized this type of assimilation, there is debate over whether this is actually an error.
• Speakers tend to pronounce Esperanto Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA, the vowel of pay.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers tend to reduce unstressed vowels.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers tend to pronounce Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA or otherwise have a hard time pronouncing it. This sort of difficulty is behind the gradual shift from Шаблон:Angbr to Шаблон:Angbr (see Esperanto phonology#Loss of phonemic ĥ).Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers tend to pronounce the rhotic consonant as Шаблон:IPA, rather than an alveolar trill. Speakers of non-rhotic accents tend to mute the r when at end of a word or before a consonant.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Other pronunciation difficulties are related to spelling pronunciations of digraphs. The digraph Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPA, though speakers may substitute Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. The digraph Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPA, though speakers may mute the Шаблон:IPA. The Шаблон:Angbr in the digraph Шаблон:Angbr is always pronounced.Шаблон:Sfnp

German

• One of the most difficult is German Шаблон:IPA as it is further forward in the mouth than in varieties of Standard English so that speakers may pronounce German geht as if it were English gate.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Similarly, speakers may pronounce German Шаблон:IPA with the vowel of goat so that ohne is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers tend to have difficulty with the front rounded vowels, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Sfnp (written Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr).
• Speakers have some difficulty with German Шаблон:IPA, which may be pronounced as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Equally, Шаблон:IPA may be pronounced as Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfnp though this is less problematic since the same realisation is also used by some native speakers.
• Speakers have difficulty with the two sounds represented by Шаблон:Angbr (Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA) in German, particularly the latter.Шаблон:Sfnp Often both are replaced with Шаблон:IPA; replacement of Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA is also common.Шаблон:Better source
• Speakers may have trouble pronouncing German Шаблон:Angbr as a clear l in positions where it is a dark l in English (that is, in the syllable coda).Шаблон:Better source

Mandarin Chinese

• English speakers have difficulty with the 4 lexical tones of Mandarin Chinese.Шаблон:Sfnp

Russian

• Some speakers have difficulty with the trilled Шаблон:IPA in Russian, especially the palatalized Шаблон:IPA since neither are sounds of English.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Non-rhotic speakers, even after learning the rolled-r, are prone to omit Шаблон:IPA in such Russian words as удар Шаблон:IPA ('blow') and горка Шаблон:IPA ('hillock').
• Depending on the speaker's dialect, they may have difficulty with "dark l" Шаблон:IPA (that is, velarized Шаблон:IPA, which in Russian contrasts with a palatalized Шаблон:IPA) in positions other than in the syllable coda.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Difficulty with Russian vowels:
  • Most English speakers have no Шаблон:IPA (although it is an allophone in some dialects, see weak vowel merger) and speakers generally have difficulty producing the sound.Шаблон:Sfnp They may instead produce Шаблон:IPA.
  • Speakers may replace Шаблон:IPA with the diphthong in day. e.g. Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA дело ('affair').Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers are likely to diphthongize Шаблон:IPA, making сижу Шаблон:IPA ('I sit') sound more like Шаблон:IPA. Some speakers may also universally front it to Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers may also diphthongize Шаблон:IPA in a similar fashion, especially in open syllables.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers may have difficulty with Russian Шаблон:IPA, pronouncing it as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • It is likely that speakers will make the second element of Russian diphthongs insufficiently close, making them resemble English diphthongs (e.g., Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA) or pronounce it too long.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers may pronounce Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA in closed syllables так ('so') and Шаблон:IPA in open syllables два ('two').Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may also have difficulty with the Russian vowel reduction system as well as other allophonic vowels.
  • Tendency to reverse the distribution of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. English speakers tend to pronounce Шаблон:IPA in the pretonic position, right where Шаблон:IPA is required in Russian, while they pronounce Шаблон:IPA in pre-pretonic positions, where Шаблон:IPA occurs. Thus, speakers may say голова ('head') as Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA and сторона ('side') as Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
• There are no cues to indicate correct stress in Russian. Speakers must memorize where primary and secondary stress resides in each word and are likely to make mistakes.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers tend to fail to geminate double consonants.Шаблон:Sfnp

Serbo-Croatian

• Speakers may have a difficulty with Serbo-Croatian pitch accent and vowel length. This rarely leads to loss of intelligibility as long as the word stress is correct.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers may transfer vowel length from English, producing longer vowels before voiced consonants (such as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA) and shorter vowels before the voiceless ones (such as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA) - see pre-fortis clipping. In Serbo-Croatian, vowels can be long or short in any environment; in fact, there are minimal pairs based only on length: compare grad Шаблон:Nowrap ('city') with grad Шаблон:IPA ('hail').Шаблон:Sfnp
  • If speakers learn to produce correct vowel length, they may diphthongize long Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA instead of the correct Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may incorrectly reduce unstressed vowels to Шаблон:IPAblink, yielding pronunciations such as Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA for lepota ('beauty'). In Serbo-Croatian, vowels do not change their quality in unstressed positions.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
• Voiced consonants (Шаблон:IPA) can be only partially Шаблон:IPA rather than fully voiced Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Similarly, Шаблон:IPA (which phonologically is an approximant and therefore not the voiced counterpart of Шаблон:IPA) can also be realized as a partially voiced fricative Шаблон:IPA instead of a fully voiced weak fricative Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may incorrectly realize the voiceless stops Шаблон:IPA as aspirated Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may realize Шаблон:IPA as alveolar Шаблон:IPA rather than dental Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers may incorrectly transfer allophones of English Шаблон:IPA to Serbo-Croatian, yielding pronunciations such as Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA for čuti ('to hear') or Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA for njutn ('newton'), all of which sound strange to native ears and might not even be understood as belonging to the Шаблон:IPA phoneme, potentially leading to a serious loss of intelligibility.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may have a difficulty distinguishing Шаблон:IPA from Шаблон:IPA. This does not lead to loss of intelligibility as many natives merge them as well.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
  • Speakers who try to distinguish Шаблон:IPA from Шаблон:IPA may realize the former with inappropriate palatalization, i.e. as palato-alveolar Шаблон:IPA instead of flat postalveolar (laminal retroflex) Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • The same applies to Шаблон:IPA, which can be realized as Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Speakers may realize Шаблон:IPA as glottal Шаблон:IPAblink, rather than a weak velar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
• The palatal sounds Шаблон:IPA may be realized as sequences Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Instead of a trill Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPA can be realized as a postalveolar approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
• Шаблон:IPA preceded within the same word by a vowel (as in gaj Шаблон:IPA ('grove')) can be articulated with an insufficiently raised tongue (Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPAblink).Шаблон:Sfnp

Spanish

• Substitution of Шаблон:IPA for Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Better source
• "R-coloration" of vowels, especially at the end of infinitives.Шаблон:Page number needed

See also

• Accent reduction
• Non-native pronunciations of English

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation