Английская Википедия:Anita Dobelli Zampetti

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Anita Dobelli Zampetti (1865 – after 1931) was an Italian teacher, writer, women's rights activist, and pacifist. Born in Gardone, Lombardy, she grew up in Rome. She taught English and Italian at the women's normal school and became active in the Consiglio Nazionale delle Donne Italiane (CNDI, National Council of Italian Women), serving on its executive board. One of the founders of the Шаблон:Lang (CNPF, National Committee for Women's Suffrage) she fought for women's suffrage. Although she was a secretary of the CNPF from 1908 to 1915, she left the organization because of its refusal to object to Italy's involvement in World War I. Joining the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) upon its founding in 1915, she served as correspondance secretary for the national branch from 1915 to 1921 and as chair of the organization's Rome branch.

Among the causes Dobelli championed were the socio-political empowerment of women to enable their independence. She fought for illegitimate children of soldiers to be recognized and protected and for the state to provide for women and children during the war. She protested against holding prisoners of war and advocated for their release. Her actions were viewed by the authorities as unpatriotic and she was regularly summoned for questioning by the police, surveilled, and her mail was searched. Her articles about social issues were published in women's and socialist journals. She also translated works of foreign authors who criticized social norms, such as Edmund Dene Morel and Upton Sinclair, into Italian.

Early life and education

A. Anita Dobelli was born in 1865, in Gardone, Kingdom of Italy, to Ermelinda (Шаблон:Nee) and Ferdinando Dobelli.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among her siblings were Adelina; Emma Bice, who later founded and became head of the Italian language department at Bedford College, London; and Spartaco, who later manufactured the Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her father was a radical journalist, active in the democratic movement after the family's relocation from Lombardy to Rome.Шаблон:Sfn She married Amilcare Zampetti,[Notes 1] a mathematician and physicist and they had two children, Furio and Novella Zampetti.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Career

Teaching (1904–1931)

Dobelli[Notes 2] was an English and Italian instructor at the normal school of Rome.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She strongly believed women had a right to economic independence and encouraged her students to prepare for a future without requiring support from men.Шаблон:Sfn On her quest to reform women's education in Italy, Dobelli recognized the lack of preparation girls had for secondary school resulting from primary focus on domestic science. She proposed educational reforms which would make their subjects be less intense, suggesting they should be divided into four sectors – science and mathematics, history and literature, pedagogy, and social sciences – each of which would have a path toward accessing university. She also advocated for co-educational courses.Шаблон:Sfn During the war, she served as a volunteer nurse.Шаблон:Sfn Between 1927 and 1931, she was affiliated with the Шаблон:Lang (Western Technical School) in Genoa.Шаблон:Sfn

Activism (1903–1921)

Dobelli joined the Consiglio Nazionale delle Donne Italiane (CNDI, National Council of Italian Women), which was founded in 1903 and affiliated with the International Council of Women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Along with Teresa Labriola and Linda Malnati, among others, she served on the organization's executive board, which was chaired by Gabriella Rasponi Spalletti.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She attended the 1908 Шаблон:Lang (National Congress of Italian Women), speaking in favor of educational reforms.Шаблон:Sfn She was one of the founders of the CNDI's Шаблон:Lang (National Committee for Women's Suffrage) and served as its secretary from 1908 to 1915.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In her view, without the franchise women had no voice in the laws or policies created to protect them and their communities. She urged women to fight for the vote as it was "the only direct means of influencing and controlling the actions of those who are called on to make the laws".Шаблон:Sfn She served on the executive committee of the Шаблон:Lang along with Teresa Labriola, Ida Magliocchetti, Maria Miani, and Шаблон:Ill, among others.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1915, when the Women at the Hague met and formed what would become the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), she joined the Italian sectionШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and left the Шаблон:Lang as it supported the war.Шаблон:Sfn Immediately after the Hague congress, the Italian WILPF organization was founded with an executive board in Rome. The board, consisting of Dobelli, Enrichetta Chiaraviglio-Giolitti, Rosa Genoni, and Elisa Agnini Lollini, was formed and two branches, one in Milan and one in Rome, were founded.Шаблон:Sfn Dobelli was chosen as correspondence secretary for the national branch because of her fluency in English. She also served as chair of the Rome branch of the WILPF.Шаблон:Sfn Although she attempted to arrange a conference with international leaders including Jane Addams and Anita Augspurg, among others, Dobelli had to cancel her plans and notified Rosika Schwimmer that Italy's entry into World War I made that impossible.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Book cover with title and publishing data
La Croce Del Negro, 1925 edition of Morel translation by Dobelli

In 1916, the national WILPF led a campaign for the release of prisoners of war because of the inhumane treatment they faced in enemy prisons.Шаблон:Sfn The action was seen as anti-patriotic and caused stricter surveillance of WILPF members and a search of Genoni's home. Between 1917 and 1918, WILPF led a campaign to recognize illegitimate children and provide state assistance to the families of servicemen. As a result, Dobelli's mail was searched and she was forced to report regularly to police headquarters, where she was questioned about her activities and associates.Шаблон:Sfn Genoni came under surveillance by the authorities because the Milan branch was deemed not to have filed the proper paperwork. As a result, the Milan branch and Genoni ceased to be active from 1919.Шаблон:Sfn That year, Dobelli was to be a delegate to the WILPF Congress held in Zürich, Switzerland, but all the Italian delegates were denied passports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In June the national WILPF marched with members of the Шаблон:Lang to protest the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, which they felt were unjust. At issue were trade restrictions which limited adequate food supplies, armed intervention in Russia, and the return of prisoners of war.Шаблон:Sfn

The June march was followed by another joint action with socialists and WILPF members to press the legislature for women's suffrage. In August 1919 the parliament passed reforms in support of women's legal and political rights, but the ruling coalition was defeated in the 1919 Italian general election and the bills were not implemented.Шаблон:Sfn Intense social conflict including strikes, the rise of paramilitary gangs, and widespread violence made corresponding with the international WILPF organization increasingly difficult and by 1921, Dobelli was no longer in communication with the headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn All of the executive board members were watched by Directorate General for Public Security of the fascist regime because of their socialist and pacifist leanings, making it difficult for them to participate regularly in feminist networks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn American press often dubbed Dobelli as "the Jane Addams of Italy".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Writing

Book cover with title and publishing data
Il Gettone, 1926 translation of Sinclair by Dobelli

Dobelli submitted articles to the international feminist publication Jus Suffragii, until around 1916Шаблон:Sfn and the Italian women's weekly Шаблон:Lang (The Trial) between 1919 and 1920.Шаблон:Sfn She also published in socialist journals such as Шаблон:Lang (The Defense of Women Workers) and Шаблон:Lang (Equality).Шаблон:Sfn Among her journal articles were: "Шаблон:Lang" ("Cast Out the Women!", 1919), "Шаблон:Lang" ("Organization and Strikes", 1919), and "Шаблон:Lang" ("Women's International League for Permanent Peace", 1919).Шаблон:Sfn Dobelli reviewed works such as Шаблон:Ill's Шаблон:Lang (About Feminism, 1906), which she criticized as being "Шаблон:Lang" ("absolutely devoid of any social value") because of its lack of original thought and reliance on opinions of traditions which did not take into account modern conditions.Шаблон:Sfn She translated Upton Sinclair's expose on journalism in which he compared journalists to prostitutes who served the interests of politicians and business, rather than the public,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Edmund Dene Morel's works on the human rights abuses committed by the Belgian administration in their Congo colony. From 1924, she was a member of the Шаблон:Lang (Italian Writers Academy) through the Шаблон:Lang (Ligurian Historical Society of the Fatherland), in Genoa.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Selected works

Notes

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References

Citations

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Bibliography

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External links

  • video:Il pacifismo di Elisa Lollini Agnini e Anita Dobelli Zampetti (in Italian)

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