Английская Википедия:Annals

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Annals (Шаблон:Lang-la, from Шаблон:Lang, "year")Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp are a concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically, year by year,Шаблон:Sfnp although the term is also used loosely for any historical record.Шаблон:Sfnp

Scope

The nature of the distinction between annals and history is a subject based on divisions established by the ancient Romans.Шаблон:Sfnp Verrius Flaccus, quoted by Aulus Gellius,Шаблон:Sfnp stated that the etymology of history (from Greek Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, equated with Latin Шаблон:Lang, "to inquire in person") properly restricts it to primary sources such as Thucydides's which have come from the author's own observations, while annals record the events of earlier times arranged according to years.Шаблон:Sfnp White distinguishes annals from chronicles, which organize their events by topics such as the reigns of kings,Шаблон:Sfnp and from histories, which aim to present and conclude a narrative implying the moral importance of the events recorded.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Generally speaking, annalists record events drily, leaving the entries unexplained and equally weighted.Шаблон:Sfnp

History

Ancient

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Hatnote The chief sources of information in regard to the annals of ancient Rome are two passages in Cicero[1]Шаблон:Sfnp and in Servius[2]Шаблон:Sfnp which have been the subject of much discussion. Cicero states that, from the founding of the Republic down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scaevola (Шаблон:Circa BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record the name of the magistrates and the noteworthy events of each year on a white tablet (an Шаблон:Lang), which was exhibited in an open place at his house so that the people might read it.Шаблон:Sfnp Servius states the events were written for each day.Шаблон:Refn In the late Republic, these were known as the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfnp After the pontificate of Publius, annals were compiled by various unofficial writers, of whom Cicero names Cato, Pictor, and Piso.Шаблон:Sfnp These annals have been generally regarded as the same with the Шаблон:Lang cited by Livy, but there seems reason to believe that the two were distinct, with the Шаблон:Lang being fuller and more circumstantial.Шаблон:Sfnp Verrius Flaccus's division of genres is borne out in the common division of Tacitus's works into Annals and Histories,Шаблон:Sfnp although he did not use those titles to refer to his own works.

Medieval

Шаблон:Hatnote Among the early Christians, it was common to establish the date of Easter by asking local Jews for the date of Passover (Nisan 14 in the Jewish calendar) and either using that date or the nearest Sunday to it.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp By the end of the 3rd century, this date sometimes occurred before the spring equinox and frequently varied from city to city.[3] Following the 325 Council of Nicaea, Easter tables began to be drawn up according to various methods of computing Easter, often running from the Passion until decades or centuries into the future. Beginning in Ireland, Wales, and England in the 7th century, monks began to briefly note important events of the year as marginalia in these tables.Шаблон:Sfnp Thereafter the compilation of annals became by and large a monastic activity, with the earliest recorded monastic annals being compiled in Ireland and known as the Chronicle of Ireland.Шаблон:Sfnp Not all early annalistic texts, however, were monastic, and some in fact were made under royal patronage. For example, what is now called the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a text concerned mainly with the activities of kings, was written in annalistic form. Other examples of insular annals, written under various kinds of patronage, include the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Innisfallen, and the Annals of Wales (Шаблон:Lang).

Introduced by insular missionaries to the continent, these texts were recopied, augmented, and continued, especially in Austrasia.Шаблон:Sfnp During the 9th-century Carolingian Renaissance, they became the usual form of contemporary history: major examples include the Royal Frankish Annals, the Annals of Fulda (Шаблон:Lang), the Annals of St Bertin (Шаблон:Lang), and the Annals of Lorsch (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfnp As the annals developed into fuller and more descriptive entries, they became more indistinguishable from chronicles, although the term was still used for various works, such as the Annals of Waverley.Шаблон:Sfnp

Modern

In modern literature, the term "annals" is similarly loosely applied to works which more or less strictly adhere to the order of years,Шаблон:Sfnp both in western contexts (English Annual Registers, French Шаблон:Lang, German Шаблон:Lang) and to equivalent styles in other cultures (such as the Chinese Spring and Autumn Annals).

It is also applied to various periodicals, particularly peer-reviewed journals in the sciences, after the model of Lavoisier's Annales de chimie et de physique.

See also

Works
Periodicals

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Additional notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Attribution:

External links

Шаблон:HistoriographyШаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Cicero, De Oratore, ii.12.52.
  2. ↑ Servius, ad Aen. i.373.
  3. ↑ Eusebius, Hist. Eccl., 7.
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