Английская Википедия:Annie Jump Cannon

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox scientist Annie Jump Cannon (Шаблон:IPAc-en; December 11, 1863 – April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification.[1] With Edward C. Pickering, she is credited with the creation of the Harvard Classification Scheme, which was the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types. She was nearly deaf throughout her career after 1893, as a result of scarlet fever. She was a suffragist and a member of the National Women's Party.[2]

Personal life

Cannon was born on December 11, 1863, in Dover, Delaware. She was the eldest of three daughters born to Wilson Cannon, a Delaware shipbuilder and state senator, and his second wife, Mary Jump.Шаблон:Sfn Cannon's mother was the first person to teach her the constellations and she encouraged her to follow her own interests, suggesting that she pursue studies in mathematics, chemistry, and biology at Wellesley College.Шаблон:Sfn Cannon and her mother used an old astronomy textbook to identify stars seen from their attic.[3] Cannon's mother also taught her daughter household economics, which Cannon would later use to organize her research.[4]

Cannon took her mother's advice and pursued her love of astronomy. She lost most of her hearing sometime during her early adult years. Sources vary on the time frame and actual cause, although it is often attributed to scarlet fever.[5] Cannon's personality has been described as "ebullient".Шаблон:Sfn She chose not to marry or have children.Шаблон:Sfn

Education, 1880–1896

At Wilmington Conference Academy (later known as Wesley College), Cannon was a promising student, particularly in mathematics. In 1880, Cannon was sent to Wellesley College in Massachusetts, one of the top academic schools for women in the US, where she studied physics and astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn

Cannon studied under Sarah Frances Whiting, one of the few women physicists in the United States at the time, and went on to become the valedictorian at Wellesley College. She graduated with a degree in physics in 1884 and returned home to Delaware for a decade.Шаблон:Sfn

During these years, Cannon developed her skills in the new art of photography. In 1892, she traveled through Europe taking photographs with her Blair box camera. After she returned home her prose and photos from Spain were published in a pamphlet called "In the Footsteps of Columbus",[6] published by the Blair Company and distributed as a souvenir at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.[7]

Soon afterward, Cannon was stricken with scarlet fever that rendered her nearly deaf.[5] This hearing loss made it difficult for Cannon to socialize. As a result, she immersed herself in her work.Шаблон:Sfn In 1894, Cannon's mother died and life at home grew more difficult. She wrote to her former instructor at Wellesley, professor Sarah Frances Whiting, to see if there was a job opening. Whiting hired herШаблон:When as a junior physics teacher at the college. This opportunity allowed Cannon to take graduate courses at the college in physics and astronomy. Whiting also inspired Cannon to learn about spectroscopy.Шаблон:Sfn

In order to gain access to a better telescope, Cannon enrolled at Radcliffe College in 1894 as a "special student", continuing her studies of astronomy.[8] Radcliffe was set up near Harvard College for Harvard professors to repeat their lectures to the young Radcliffe women. This relationship gave Cannon access to the Harvard College Observatory. In 1896, Edward C. Pickering hired her as his assistant at the Observatory. In 1907, Cannon finished her studies and received her master's degree from Wellesley College.[5]

Career, 1896–1940

Файл:Annie Jump Cannon & Henrietta Swan Leavitt, 1913.jpg
Cannon with Henrietta Swan Leavitt, 1913

In 1896, Cannon became a member of the Harvard Computers,[9] a group of women hired by Harvard Observatory director Edward C. Pickering to complete the Henry Draper Catalogue, with the goal of mapping and defining every star in the sky to a photographic magnitude of about 9.[10] In her notes, she referred to brightness as "Int" which was short for "intensity".[11] In 1927, Pickering said that she was able to classify stars very quickly, "Miss Cannon is the only person in the world—man or woman—who can do this work so quickly."[12] Mary Anna Draper, the widow of wealthy physician and amateur astronomer Henry Draper, had set up a fund to support the work.[12] Men at the laboratory did the labor of operating the telescopes and taking photographs while the women examined the data, carried out astronomical calculations, and cataloged those photographs during the day.Шаблон:Sfn Pickering made the Catalogue a long-term project to obtain the optical spectra of as many stars as possible and to index and classify stars by spectra.[12]

When Cannon first started cataloging the stars, she was able to classify 1,000 stars in three years, but by 1913, she was able to work on 200 stars an hour.[13] Cannon could classify three stars a minute just by looking at their spectral patterns and, if using a magnifying glass, could classify stars down to the ninth magnitude, around 16 times fainter than the human eye can see.[5] Her work was also highly accurate.[13]

Файл:AAVSO1916.png
The meeting of the AAVSO at Harvard in 1916. The two women in the photograph are Ida E. Woods (front row) and Cannon (behind Woods).

Not long afterШаблон:When work began on the Draper Catalogue, a disagreement developed as to how to classify the stars. The analysis was first started by Nettie Farrar, who left a few months later to be married. This left the problem to the ideas of Henry Draper's niece Antonia Maury (who insisted on a complex classification system) and Williamina Fleming (who was overseeing the project for Pickering,[9] and wanted a much more simple, straightforward approach).Шаблон:Sfn Cannon negotiated a compromise: she started by examining the bright southern hemisphere stars. To these stars, she applied a third system, a division of stars into the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Her scheme was based on the strength of the Balmer absorption lines. After absorption lines were understood in terms of stellar temperatures, her initial classification system was rearranged to avoid having to update star catalogs.[10]

In 1901, Cannon published her first catalog of stellar spectra.[10]

Cannon and the other women at the observatory, including Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Antonia Maury, and Florence Cushman, were criticized at first for being "out of their place" and not being housewives.[14] Women did not commonly rise beyond the level of assistant in this line of work at the time and many were paid only 25 cents an hour to work seven hours a day, six days a week.[5] Leavitt, another woman in the observatory who made significant contributions, shared with Cannon the experience of being deaf.[15] Cannon dominated this field because of her "tidiness" and patience for the tedious work and even helped the men in the observatory gain popularity. Cannon helped broker partnerships and exchanges of equipment between men in the international community and assumed an ambassador-like role outside of it.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1911 she was made the Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard.[12] In 1914, she was admitted as an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society.[16] In 1921, she became one of the first women to receive an honorary doctorate from a European university when she was awarded an honorary doctor's degree in math and astronomy from Groningen University.[17]

Файл:Annie Jump Cannon sitting at desk.jpg
Annie Jump Cannon at her desk at the Harvard College Observatory[18]

On May 9, 1922, the International Astronomical Union passed the resolution to formally adopt Cannon's stellar classification system; with only minor changes, it is still being used for classification today.[8] Also in 1922, Cannon spent six months in Arequipa, Peru, to photograph stars in the Southern hemisphere.[19]

In 1925, she became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from Oxford University.[20]

Файл:Annie Jump Cannon 1921.png
Annie Jump Cannon, 1921

In 1933, she represented professional women at the World's Fair in Chicago (Century of Progress).Шаблон:SfnIn 1935, she created the Annie J. Cannon Prize for "the woman of any country, whose contributions to the science of astronomy are the most distinguished."[21]

In 1938, she became the William C. Bond Astronomer at Harvard University.[2]

The astronomer Cecilia Payne collaborated with Cannon and used Cannon's data to show that the stars were composed mainly of hydrogen and helium.[22]

Later life and death, 1940–1941

Annie Jump Cannon's career in astronomy lasted for more than 40 years, until her retirement in 1940.[10] Despite her retirement, she continued to actively work on astronomy in the observatory up until a few weeks before she died.[23] During her career, Cannon helped women gain acceptance and respect within the scientific community. Her calm and hardworking attitude and demeanor helped her gain respect throughout her lifetime and paved the path for future women astronomers.

Cannon died on April 13, 1941, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the age of 77.[19] She died in a hospital after being ill for over a month.[24][25] The American Astronomical Society presents the Annie Jump Cannon Award annually to female astronomers for distinguished work in astronomy.[26]

Work

Cannon manually classified more stars in a lifetime than anyone else, with a total of around 350,000 stars.[27] She discovered 300 variable stars, five novas, and one spectroscopic binary, creating a bibliography that included about 200,000 references.[19]

Awards and honors

Файл:Annie Jump Cannon Historical Marker.jpg
Historical marker noting the building (right) where Cannon first observed stars at Wesley College
Файл:Cannon Hall UofDel by Carol M Highsmith.jpg
Cannon Hall at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware.

Bibliography

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Wikiquote

Шаблон:Hall of Fame of Delaware Women Шаблон:National Women's Hall of Fame Шаблон:Authority control

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  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Wellesley College: "Annie Jump Cannon," Education. 10 December 1998. Retrieved 23 May 2023
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Sobel, Dava (2016). The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars. Penguin. Шаблон:Isbn
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Jaarboek der Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. 1920–1921. Promotiën Faculteit der Wis- en Natuurkunde. Honoris Causa 31.5.'21, p. 79.
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Delaware State University – Wesley College Acquisition Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ National Women's Hall of Fame, Annie Jump Cannon,
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