Английская Википедия:Annona squamosa

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Speciesbox Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub[1] from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops.[2] It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola[3] (whose fruits often share the same name)[4] helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species.[5] Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous,[6] much-branched shrub or small tree Шаблон:Convert tall[1][6] similar to soursop (Annona muricata).[7] It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia.[8]

Файл:Flora Sinensis - Custard Apple.JPG
Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple, in his Flora Sinensis (1655)

The fruit is spherical-conical, Шаблон:Convert in diameter and Шаблон:Convert long, and weighing Шаблон:Convert, with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The colour is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented; the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the innards.

The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. The seeds are coated with the flesh, It is found adhering to Шаблон:Convert seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless.[8][9] The seeds can be ground for use as an insecticide.[2]The stems run through the centre of the fruit connecting it to the outside. The skin is shaped like a Reuleaux triangle coloured green and rough in texture. Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple it is very fragile to pressure when ripe.

New varieties are also being developed in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The atemoya or "pineapple sugar-apple", a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the United States in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple, but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple.

Description

Файл:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9352.jpg
Flower
Файл:Young sugar apple seedling.jpg
Seedling
Файл:Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) plant in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9354.jpg
Branches

The fruit of A. squamosa (sugar-apple) has sweet whitish pulp, and is popular in tropical markets.[6]

Stems and leaves

Файл:Annona squamosa at Kampung Bukit Jagong 20230629 174058.jpg
A. squamosa leaves

Branches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter; twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels – small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue).[3]

Thin, simple, alternate leaves[7] occur singly,[3] Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide;[6][3] rounded at the base and pointed at the tip (oblong-lanceolate).[6] They are pale green on both surfaces and mostly hairless[3] with slight hairs on the underside when young.[1] The sides sometimes are slightly unequal and the leaf edges are without teeth, inconspicuously hairy when young.[3][7]

The leaf stalks are Шаблон:Convert long,[6] green, and sparsely pubescent.[3]

Flowers

Solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2–4 about Шаблон:Convert long,[6] greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender[3] Шаблон:Convert long stalk.[6] Three green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, Шаблон:Convert long, and Шаблон:Convert wide, three inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent.[1][6] Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than Шаблон:Convert long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide which matures into the aggregate fruit.[3]

Flowering occurs in spring-early summer[6] and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles.[10] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[11]

Fruits and reproduction

Fruits ripen 3 to 4 months after flowering.[12]

Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower[3] which become enlarged[6] and mature into fruits which are distinct from fruits of other species of genus[3] (and more like a giant raspberry instead).

The round or heart-shaped[3] greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous[6] on a thickened stalk; Шаблон:Convert[3][1] in diameter[6][7] with many round protuberances[3] and covered with a powdery bloom. Fruits are formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels (the ripened pistels).[1]

The pulp is white tinged yellow,[1] edible and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel containing an oblong, shiny and smooth,[3] dark brown[1] to black, Шаблон:Convert long seed.[3]

Nutrition and uses

Шаблон:Nutritional value Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3 B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities.[13]

Chemistry

The diterpenoid alkaloid atisine is the most abundant alkaloid in the root. Other constituents of Annona squamosa include the alkaloids oxophoebine,[14] reticuline,[14] isocorydine,[15] and methylcorydaldine,[15] and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-glucoside.[16]

Bayer AG has patented the extraction process and molecular identity of the annonaceous acetogenin annonin, as well as its use as a biopesticide.[17] Other acetogenins have been isolated from the seeds,[18] bark,[19] and leaves.Шаблон:Citation needed

Distribution and habitat

Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated of all the species of Annona, being grown for its fruit throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, and China as far north as Suzhou;[20] it was introduced to southern Asia before 1590. It is naturalized as far north as southern Florida in the United States and as south as Bahia in Brazil, Bangladesh, and is an invasive species in some areas.[3][5][7]

Native
Neotropic
Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Northern South America: Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela
Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay[3]
Naturalised
Pacific: Samoa, Tonga
North America: Mexico, Belize
Afrotropic: Angola, Namibia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, Kenya
Australasia: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Indomalaya: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Palearctic: Cyprus, Greece, Lebanon, Malta,[3] Israel

Climate and cultivation

Шаблон:More citations needed section Like most species of Annona, it requires a tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert, and mean winter temperatures above Шаблон:Convert. It is sensitive to cold and frost, being defoliated below Шаблон:Convert and killed by temperatures of a couple of degrees below freezing. It is only moderately drought-tolerant, requiring at least Шаблон:Convert of annual rainfall, and does not produce fruit well during droughts.

It will grow from sea level to an altitude of Шаблон:Convert and thrives in hot dry climates, differing in its tolerance of lowland tropics from many of the other fruit bearers in the Annona family.

It is quite a prolific bearer, and it produces fruit within as little as two to three years. A five-year-old tree can produce as many as 50 sugar apples. Poor fruit production has been reported in Florida because there are few natural pollinators (honeybees have a difficult time penetrating the tightly closed female flowers); however, hand pollination with a natural fibre brush is effective in increasing yield. Natural pollinators include beetles (coleoptera) of the families Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae.[5][9]

Ecology

In the Philippines, the fruit is commonly eaten by the Philippine fruit bat (kabag or kabog), which then spreads the seeds from island to island.

It is a host plant for larvae of the butterfly Graphium agamemnon (tailed jay).

Uses

In traditional Indian, Thai, and Native American medicines, the leaves are boiled down with water, possibly mixed with other specific botanicals, and used in a decoction to treat dysentery and urinary tract infection.[21] In traditional Indian medicine, the leaves are also crushed for use as a poultice, and applied to wounds.[21] In Mexico, the leaves are rubbed on floors and put in hens' nests, to repel lice.[5] In Haiti, the fruit is known as cachiman and is used to simply make juice.[22] In Lebanon and Syria, it is made into a variety of desserts and sweets, referred to as ashta.Шаблон:Citation needed

Gallery

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок aft не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GRIN не указан текст
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ McGregor, S.E. Insect Pollination Of Cultivated Crop Plants USDA, 1976
  11. ↑ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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