Английская Википедия:Antarctic silverfish
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The Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum), or Antarctic herring, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean and the only truly pelagic fish in the waters near Antarctica.[1] It is a keystone species in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean.[2]
While widely distributed around the Antarctic, the species appears to have largely disappeared from the western side of the northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on a 2010 research cruise funded by the National Science Foundation under the US Antarctic Program.[3]
Taxonomy
The Antarctic silverfish was first formally described in 1902 by the Belgian-born British zoologist George Albert Boulenger with the type locality given as Victoria Land in Antarctica.[4] It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pleuagramma which was also described by Boulenger.[5] Some authorities place this taxon in the subfamily Pleuragrammatinae,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not include subfamilies in the Nototheniidae.[7] The genus name is a compound of pleuro meaning "side" with a which means "without" and gramma meaning "line", an allusion to the absence of a lateral line.[8]
Description
Antarctic silverfish usually grow to about Шаблон:Convert in length, with a maximum of Шаблон:Convert. The maximum reported weight of this species is 200 g. Antarctic silverfish have a maximum reported age of 20 years. When alive, they are pink with a silver tint, but turn silver only after death. All the fins are pale. The dorsal side is slightly darker.[1] This Antarctic marine fish is one of several in the region that produce antifreeze glycopeptides as an adaptation against the extreme cold of Antarctic waters.[9]
Ecology
The postlarvae, Шаблон:Convert in size, feed on eggs of calanoids (Calanoida), sea snails Limacina and tintinnids (Tintinnida).[10] The postlarvae live at depths of up to Шаблон:Convert.[1] Juveniles feed on copepods (Copepoda), mostly on Oncaea curvata and can be found at depths of Шаблон:Convert,[10][1] while adults can be found at depths Шаблон:Convert.[1] As their size increases, so does the size of their prey items. Mature females may spawn for the first time at 7–9 years of age.[1]
Antarctic silverfish are the most abundant pelagic fish species in the High Antarctic shelf waters of the Southern Ocean[11] and are important high-caloric prey species for high-trophic animals such as Adelie penguins, marine flying birds and Weddell seals.[12]
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:FishBase
- ↑ Bottaro M., Oliveri D., Ghigliotti L., Pisano E., Ferrando S. & Vacchi M. (2009). "Born among the ice: first morphological observations on two developmental stages of the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum, a key species of the Southern Ocean". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19(2); 249-259. Шаблон:Doi.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cof genus
- ↑ Шаблон:Cof family
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Carlig, E., Di Blasi, D., Ghigliotti, L. et al. Diversified feeding strategies of Pleuragramma antarctica (Nototheniidae) in the Southern Ocean. Polar Biol 42, 2045–2054 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02579-0
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
