Английская Википедия:Anti-balaka

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox militant organization

The Anti-balaka is an alliance of militia groups based in the Central African Republic in the early 21st century said to be composed primarily of Christians.[1] However, some church leaders have contested the claimed exclusively Christian character of such groups.[2] The Tony Blair Faith Foundation and journalist Andrew Katz have noted that animists also participate in Anti-balaka groups.[3][4]

This militia formed in the Central African Republic after the rise to power of Michel Djotodia in 2013.[5] Amnesty International reported in 2015 that some members of anti-balaka groups have forcibly converted Muslims to Christianity.[6] Anti-balaka groups have also kidnapped, burnt, and immured women accused of being witches in public ceremonies.[7]

Terminology

Though "anti-balaka" is often translated as "antimachete", its origin is explained:

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History

Some commentators have said that village militias formed in the 1990s to protect against highwaymen were a precursor to the Antibalaka.[5] Unable to provide security throughout the remote areas of the country, President François Bozizé organized, self-protection groups in 2009 to combat crime on the village level; these took the name Antibalaka.[3]

In March 2013, President Bozizé (a Christian) was overthrown by a coup during the Central African Republic Civil War by a mostly Muslim rebel coalition known as Séléka. The leader of the Séléka, Michel Djotodia, became the first Muslim president of the country.[8] With the disbanding of the army by Djotodia, many army members joined the militia, boosting their numbers and helping train them.[3]

Djotodia announced the dissolution of the Séléka in September 2013,[9] but most of the militias refused to disband.[10] The Séléka and the anti-balaka engaged in a cycle of increasing violence.[10][11]

As many Christians had more settled lifestyles and many Muslims were nomadic, competing claims to the land were another dimension of the tensions.[12] In November 2013, the UN warned that the country was at risk of spiraling into genocide,[13] and was "descending into complete chaos".[14] France described the country as "...Шаблон:Nbspon the verge of genocide".[15] On 2 December 2013, anti-balaka militiamen are suspected to have killed 12 people, including children, and wounded 30 others in an attack on the mostly-Muslim Fula in Boali, according to the government.[16] This was amidst the Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration.

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Territories under control of Anti-balaka in 2014

Early 2014 marked a turning point; hardened by war and massacres, the anti-balaka committed multiple atrocities.[4] In December 2013, UNICEF reported that in sectarian violence in Bangui, at least two children were beheaded and one of them was mutilated.[17]

2014

In 2014, Amnesty International reported several massacres committed by anti-balaka militias against Muslim civilians, forcing thousands of Muslims to flee the country.[18] On 13 January more than 100 people were killed by Anti-balaka in Bossemptélé massacre.[19]

In 2014, the corpse of Camille Lepage, a missing French photojournalist, was found by French soldiers in a truck used by Anti-Balaka members.[20]

On 24 June 100 Anti-balaka fighters attacked Bambari. 46 people were killed and 28 wounded.[21]

2017

On 9 May 2017 Anti-balaka attacked UPC forces in Alindao before withdrawing to Mingala.[22] On 13 May Anti-balaka attacked Bangassou killing more than 115 people including one peacekeeper.[23] On 18 May heavy clashes erupted between Anti-balaka and ex-Seleka in Bria resulting in 26 deaths.[24]

2018

On 31 October Heavy clashes broke out between anti-Balaka and ex-Séléka fighters in Batangafo resulting in at least 15 deaths.[25]

2019

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Anti-balaka fighter in Mobaye, 2019

In 2019, an Anti-balaka leader in Satema killed a 14-year-old girl in a ritualistic way to increase profit from mines.[26]

2020

On 3 August Anti-balaka attacked Grimari blocking roads to Sibut and Bambari. FACA managed to recapture city the same day killing one Anti-balaka commander.[27] On 23 October Clashes erupted between two factions of Anti-balaka in Batangafo.[28] Clashes were also reported later between Anti-balaka and ex-Séléka in the city. Seven people were killed (including three civilians and four militiamen) and more than 100 injured.[29] On 17 December On Anti-balaka joined Coalition of Patriots for Change.[30] On 26 December Anti-balaka fighters from Kaga-Bandoro attacked Dekoa killing three Burundian peacekeepers. Three militiamen were arrested by MINUSCA forces.[31]

2021

Since 2021 large number of former Anti-balaka fighters were recruited by Wagner Group into so-called Black Russians. They were responsible for numerous war crimes, including 2021 Boyo killings.[32]

List of Anti-balaka leaders

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See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
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  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. 5,0 5,1 C.Africa militia is an enemy of peace: French commander, apa.az, recovered 14 March 2014
  6. Central African Republic: Unprotected Muslims forced to abandon religion, Amnesty International UK (July 31, 2015).
  7. Шаблон:Cite news
  8. Шаблон:Cite news
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  10. 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
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  17. Mark Tran & agencies, Children 'beheaded and mutilated' in Central African Republic, says Unicef, The Guardian (December 30, 2013).
  18. Шаблон:Cite news
  19. Шаблон:Cite web
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  21. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Central African Republic, 1 August 2014
  22. Шаблон:Cite web
  23. Шаблон:Cite web
  24. CAR: Clashes break out in Bria (northeast) May 18-19
  25. Шаблон:Cite web
  26. Letter dated 6 December 2019 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to resolution 2454 (2019) addressed to the President of the Security Council Шаблон:Webarchive, page 153
  27. Шаблон:Cite web
  28. Шаблон:Cite web
  29. Шаблон:Cite web
  30. Centrafrique : Déclaration de la Coalition des Patriotes pour le Changement, 18 December 2020
  31. Centrafrique : Résumé d’actualité de la semaine en 10 points, 9 January 2021
  32. L’incroyable constellation des groupes armés en Centrafrique, 27 July 2023