Английская Википедия:Anti-shamanism movement in Korea
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Korean name Шаблон:Korean shamanism In the history of modern and contemporary Korea, especially between the late 19th century and the 1980s, there have been a series of waves of movement to eliminate indigenous shamanism and folk religions.Шаблон:Sfnb In Korean, the movement is called Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Korean), regarding homegrown shamanism and anything related to it as "superstition" (Шаблон:Korean); the modern Korean word for "superstition" also has the meaning of "illusory" or "false spiritual beliefs", and implies that gods and ancestors do not exist. This term was adopted from Japanese in the late 19th century, and largely emphasized by Christian missionaries to target Korean indigenous religion.Шаблон:Sfnb
Waves of the anti-shamanism movement started in the 1890s with the rise of influence of Protestant preachers in Korea,Шаблон:Sfnb culminating during the New Community Movement of the 20th century, in South Korea. These movements destroyed most of the indigenous cults and shrines of folk religion, which were largely replaced by Christianity.Шаблон:Sfnb
History
Late Joseon (1890s)
Шаблон:See also Protestantism became engrained in Korea in the 1890s, and with it a network of schools and hospitals.Шаблон:Sfnb Protestant missionaries labeled indigenous religious practices and shamans as "devil worship".Шаблон:Sfnb The missionaries led campaigns for the burning of idols, ancestral tablets, shamans' tools and clothes, and shrines. According to missionary reports, they were "destroyed as were the "books" (magic scrolls) in Ephesus".Шаблон:Sfnb The missionaries also circulated stories about shamans who had converted to Christianity becoming themselves advocates of the destruction of the indigenous religion.Шаблон:Sfnb The exorcistic struggle between a shaman and a Christian was made into a literary motif in Kim Tongni's colonial-period novella Portrait of a Shaman.Шаблон:Sfnb
Missionaries found allies among Korean intellectuals in the final years of the Joseon dynasty. Together, they produced The Independent (Tongnip Sinmun), the first newspaper published in Korean language.Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:Sfnb The newspaper promoted iconoclasm and addressed government officials on the necessity to eradicate the indigenous religion.Шаблон:Sfnb
In 1896, the police began to arrest shamans, destroy shrines and burn ritual tools. These events were acclaimed by The Independent.Шаблон:Sfnb At one point, the newspaper even came to criticize Buddhist monks.Шаблон:Sfnb
Japanese occupation (1910–1945)
Шаблон:See also Campaigns against Korean indigenous religious traditions also accompanied Japan's annexation of the Korean peninsula. The Japanese had already equated secularization with modernity in their own country.Шаблон:Sfnb The colonial police harassed and sometimes arrested shamans, though official policies against Korean shamanism were neither monolithic nor consistent.Шаблон:Sfnb
Following the rhetoric of The Independent of the foregoing generation, the colonial government portrayed the indigenous religion and the shamans as irrational and wasteful, adding the notion that they were also unhygienic.Шаблон:Sfnb Urban people adopted this rhetoric, seeking to distinguish themselves from their own rural origins.Шаблон:Sfnb Migrants to the cities rejected gut healing and traditional medicine.Шаблон:Sfnb
This paradigm would have become central to the projects for countryside development enacted in the independent South Korea.Шаблон:Sfnb
Post-independence (1945–present)
North Korea
Шаблон:Expand section In North Korea, most formal religious activity was suppressed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration and their families were targeted as members of the "hostile class" and were considered to have bad Шаблон:Transliteration, "tainted blood".[1]
South Korea
Syngman Rhee government (1948–1960)
Under Syngman Rhee's government, shamans in South Korea were routinely harassed and arrested by the police.Шаблон:Sfnb Protestants in Jeju Island led a "campaign against gods", through which they tried to exterminate Jeju's religious tradition and its pantheon of 18,000 deities.
New Community Movement (1970s)
Шаблон:See also In the 1970s, the South Korean president Park Chung Hee started the Saemaul Undong (Шаблон:Literal translation), a mass mobilization intended to transform rural society in both form and spirit.Шаблон:Sfnb Local communities were involved in a variety of public works.Шаблон:Sfnb
Under the banner of such reform, a formal "Movement to Overthrow Superstition" (Misin Tapa Undong) was started. With official encouragement, police and local leaders suppressed gut rites and local cults.Шаблон:Sfnb They poured gasoline on village shrines and torched them, destroyed sacred trees, totem poles, and cairns, raided gut and arrested shamans.Шаблон:SfnbШаблон:Sfnb Contemporary commenters criticize the movement for having damaged the indigenous religious tradition and having caused much of the South Korean population to adopt the foreign Christian religion.Шаблон:Sfnb
Legacy
In the aftermath of the wave of "anti-superstition movements", Korean indigenous religion was severely weakened. Since the 1980s, however, traditional religion and shamanism have experienced a revival in South Korea.Шаблон:Sfnb Since the 1990s, shamans started to be regarded as "bearers of culture".Шаблон:Sfnb Today, Korean shamanism is recognized as a legitimate religion in South Korea, and there is widespread acknowledgement of "Muism" or "Sindo"—however shamanism is called—as the natural religion of the Koreans.Шаблон:Sfnb
See also
References
Sources
