Английская Википедия:Antiochus XI Epiphanes

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox royalty Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus (Шаблон:Lang-gr; died 93 BC) was a Seleucid monarch who reigned as King of Syria between 94 and 93 BC, during the Hellenistic period. He was the son of [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII]] and his wife Tryphaena. AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's early life was a time of constant civil war between his father and his uncle [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus|AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX]]. The conflict ended with the assassination of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII, followed by the establishment of AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX in Antioch, the capital of Syria. AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII's eldest son [[Seleucus VI Epiphanes|SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI]], in control of western Cilicia, marched against his uncle and had him killed, taking Antioch for himself, only to be expelled from it and driven to his death in 94 BC by AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX's son [[Antiochus X Eusebes|AntiochusШаблон:NbsX]].

Following the murder of SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI declared himself king jointly with his twin brother [[Philip I Philadelphus|PhilipШаблон:NbsI]]. Dubious ancient accounts, which may be contradicted by archaeological evidence, report that AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's first act was to avenge his late brother by destroying Mopsuestia in Cilicia, the city responsible for the death of SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI. In 93 BC, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI took Antioch, an event not mentioned by ancient historians but confirmed through numismatic evidence. AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI appears to have been the senior king, minting coinage as a sole king and reigning alone in the capital, while PhilipШаблон:NbsI remained in Cilicia, but kept his royal title. AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI may have restored the temple of Apollo and Artemis in Daphne, but his reign did not last long. In the autumn of the same year, AntiochusШаблон:NbsX regrouped and counter-attacked; AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI was defeated and drowned in the Orontes River as he tried to flee.

Name, family and early life

A coin struck by Antiochus VIII of Syria (reigned 125–96 BC). Portrait of Antiochus VIII on the obverse; depiction of Zeus holding a star and staff on the reverse
Coin of Antiochus VIII, father of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI

The name Antiochus is of Greek etymology and means "resolute in contention".Шаблон:Sfn The capital of Syria, Antioch, was named after Antiochus, father of the city's founder, King [[Seleucus I Nicator|SeleucusШаблон:NbsI]] (reigned 305–281 BC);Шаблон:Sfn this name became dynastic and many Seleucid kings bore it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:Circa [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII]] married the Ptolemaic princess Tryphaena, who died in 109 BC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The couple had many children, including [[Seleucus VI Epiphanes|SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI]], the eldest; AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and [[Philip I Philadelphus|PhilipШаблон:NbsI]];Шаблон:Sfn their younger brother [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|DemetriusШаблон:NbsIII]];Шаблон:Sfn and the youngest [[Antiochus XII Dionysus|AntiochusШаблон:NbsXII]].Шаблон:Sfn The mother of PhilipШаблон:NbsI was mentioned explicitly as Tryphaena by the fourth-century historian Eusebius, who also mentioned that AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI were twins (didymoi).Шаблон:Sfn AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's date of birth is unknown, but by the time he came to power he was at least in his twenties.Шаблон:Sfn

In 113 BC, Antiochus IX declared himself king and started a civil war against his half-brother AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII. The conflict between the brothers would last a decade and a half;Шаблон:Sfn it claimed the life of Tryphaena and ended with the assassination of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII at the hands of his minister Herakleon of Beroia in 96 BC.Шаблон:Sfn In the aftermath of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII's death, AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX took the capital Antioch and married AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII's second wife and widow, Cleopatra Selene.Шаблон:Sfn The sons of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII responded; DemetriusШаблон:NbsIII took Damascus and ruled it,Шаблон:Sfn while SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI killed AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX in 95 BC and took Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn The new king was defeated by AntiochusШаблон:NbsIX's son [[Antiochus X Eusebes|AntiochusШаблон:NbsX]] (Шаблон:Reign BC), who took the capital.Шаблон:Sfn SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI escaped to Mopsuestia in Cilicia where he was killed by rebels in 94 BC.Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

Map depicting the kingdom of Syria in the year 95 BC when it was divided between Seleucus VI in the north with his capital at Antioch; Demetrius III in the south with his capital at Damascus; and Antiochus X in the west with his base at Arwad
Syria in 95 BC
Файл:Silver Coin of Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus, Philip I Epiphanes Philadelphus.jpg
Antiochus XI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI bearded

[[File:Antiochus 11 and Philip I.png|thumb|Jugate coin of Antiochus XI and [[Philip I Philadelphus|PhilipШаблон:NbsI]]. AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI is depicted with a sideburn.]]

The reigns of the late Seleucid kings are poorly attested in ancient literature through brief passages and summaries, often riddled with conflations and contradictions;Шаблон:Sfn the numismatic evidence is therefore the primary source when reconstructing the reigns of late Seleucid monarchs.Шаблон:Sfn During SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI's reign, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and his twin probably resided in Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn In the aftermath of SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI's death, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI declared themselves kings in 94 BC; the historian Alfred Bellinger suggested that their base was a coastal city north of Antioch,Шаблон:Sfn while Arthur Houghton believed it was Beroea, because the city's rulers were PhilipШаблон:NbsI's allies.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

It is more likely that Tarsus was the main base of operations;Шаблон:Sfn both AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI's portraits appeared on the obverses of jugate coins they struck,Шаблон:Sfn and all the jugate coins were minted in Cilicia. Three series of jugate coins are known; as of 2008, one series has six known surviving specimens,Шаблон:Sfn depicting both kings with beards.Шаблон:Sfn The excellent craftsmanship of the portraits depicted on the coins of the six specimen series indicates that the minting facility was located in a city that was a center of culture, making Tarsus the likely site of the mint and so the probable base of operations.Шаблон:Sfn

The other two coin series have fewer surviving specimens and depict AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI with a sideburn.Шаблон:Sfn Those coins were not minted in Tarsus, and the sideburn indicates that those issues were produced by cities west of the main base, as the king passed them on his way to Tarsus; by the time AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI arrived at his headquarters, he was depicted with a full beard. On all jugate coins, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI was portrayed in front of PhilipШаблон:NbsI, his name taking precedence,Шаблон:Sfn showing that he was the senior monarch. According to Josephus, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI became king before PhilipШаблон:NbsI, but the numismatic evidence suggests otherwise, as the earliest coins show both brothers ruling jointly.Шаблон:Sfn

Epithets and royal image

Hellenistic monarchs did not use regnal numbers but usually employed epithets to distinguish themselves from other kings with similar names; the numbering of kings is mostly a modern practice.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On his coins, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI appeared with the epithets Epiphanes (God Manifest) and Philadelphus (Brother-Loving).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Epiphanes served to emphasize AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's paternity as a son of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII, who bore the same epithet;Шаблон:Sfn while Philadelphus was probably a sign of respect to SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI.[note 1]Шаблон:Sfn The beard sported by AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI on his jugate coins from Tarsus is probably a sign of mourning and the intention to avenge SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI's death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The last issue of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI from Antioch depicts him beardless, highlighting that the vow was fulfilled.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Antiochus XI.jpg
Portrait of Antiochus XI exemplifying the tryphé tradition

Drawing his legitimacy from his father, Antiochus XI appeared on his coinage with an exaggerated hawked nose, in the likeness of AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII.Шаблон:Sfn The iconography of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's portrait was part of the tryphé-king tradition, heavily used by AntiochusШаблон:NbsVIII.[note 2] The ruler's portrait express tryphé (luxury and magnificence), where his unattractive features and stoutness are emphasized.[note 3] The tradition of tryphé images started in Egypt, and was later adopted in Syria. The Romans considered the tryphé portraits as evidence of the degeneracy and decadence of Hellenistic kings; the softness depicted in the portraits was seen as a sign of the rulers' incompetence, a way to explain the decline of the Hellenistic dynasties. However, the Roman view is not factual; those images were an intentional policy in a kingdom ravaged by civil war. Most late Seleucid monarchs, including AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI, spent their reigns fighting, causing havoc in their lands. The image of a warrior king on coins, as was customary for Hellenistic Bactrian kings for example, would have alienated the already impoverished population suffering the consequences of war. The people needed peace and copiousness, and the tryphé portrait was an attempt to imply that the king and his people were living a pleasurable life. By employing the tryphé image, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI suggested that he would be a successful and popular king like his father.[note 4]Шаблон:Sfn

Avenging Seleucus VI and taking the capital

According to Eusebius, the brothers sacked Mopsuestia and destroyed it to avenge SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI.Шаблон:Sfn Eusebius's statement is doubtful because in 86 BC, Rome conferred inviolability upon the cult of Isis and Sarapis in Mopsuestia, which is proven by an inscription from the city.Шаблон:Sfn After Mopsuestia, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI left PhilipШаблон:NbsI in Cilicia and advanced on Antioch, driving AntiochusШаблон:NbsX from the city at the beginning of 93 BC.[note 5]Шаблон:Sfn Ancient historians do not note AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's reign in the capital, stating that he fought against AntiochusШаблон:NbsX and was defeated.Шаблон:Sfn The 6th-century Byzantine monk and historian John Malalas, whose work is considered generally unreliable by scholars,Шаблон:Sfn mentions the reign of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI in his account of the Roman period in Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn The material evidence for AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI's success in taking the capital was provided in 1912, when an account of a coin struck by him in Antioch was published.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Antiochus XI Philadelphos.jpg
Tetradrachm of Antiochus XI, Antioch mint

Philip I did not take residence in the capital and AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI minted coinage as a sole king.[note 6]Шаблон:Sfn PhilipШаблон:NbsI kept the royal title while remaining in the city which was his base during the preparations to avenge SeleucusШаблон:NbsVI.Шаблон:Sfn The numismatist Edward Theodore Newell assigned AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI a reign of a few weeks in the capital, but according to the numismatist Oliver Hoover, estimating the average annual die usage rate of the King suggests a reign of several months.[note 7]Шаблон:Sfn According to Malalas, King Antiochus Philadelphus, i.e. AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI,[note 8] built a temple for Apollo and Artemis in Daphne, and set up two golden statues representing the gods, as well as conferring the right of asylum to anyone who took refuge in the temple;Шаблон:Sfn this statement cannot be correct since the temple was attested during the time of [[Antiochus III the Great|AntiochusШаблон:NbsIII]] (Шаблон:Reign BC).Шаблон:Sfn The historian Glanville Downey, observing Malalas's writing style in Greek, suggested that by "building", Malalas meant renovating or restoring, which indicates that a predecessor of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI may have desecrated the temple and melted down the golden statues.[note 9]Шаблон:Sfn

End and succession

By autumn 93 BC, Antiochus X counter-attacked, defeating AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI,Шаблон:Sfn who drowned in the Orontes River as he tried to flee.Шаблон:Sfn Ancient accounts dealing with the last battle differ: according to the first-century historian Josephus, AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI fought alone, while Eusebius has both AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI and PhilipШаблон:NbsI in the battle. Eusebius failed to note the reign of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI in Antioch, stating that the final battle took place immediately after the destruction of Mopsuestia; a statement contradicted by numismatic evidence. In the view of Bellinger, the brothers' combined armies must have been deployed, but since only AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI perished, it is probable that PhilipШаблон:NbsI stayed behind at his capital with AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI leading the armies in the field.Шаблон:Sfn

Nothing is known regarding Antiochus XI's marriages or children.Шаблон:Sfn According to the first century biographer Plutarch, the first-century BC Roman general Lucullus said that the Armenian king, [[Tigranes the Great|TigranesШаблон:NbsII]], who conquered Syria in 83Шаблон:NbsBC, "put to death the successors of Seleucus, and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity". Ancient sources regarding the late Seleucid period are fragmentary and do not mention many details. Therefore, the statement of Lucullus makes it possible that a wife or daughters of AntiochusШаблон:NbsXI existed, and that they were taken by the Armenian king.Шаблон:Sfn Following his victory, AntiochusШаблон:NbsX regained the capital and ruled it until his death.Шаблон:Sfn

Family tree

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See also

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Notes

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References

Citations

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Sources

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