Английская Википедия:Antiochus X Eusebes

Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator (Шаблон:Lang-grc; Шаблон:Circa – 92 or 88 BC) was a Seleucid monarch who reigned as King of Syria during the Hellenistic period between 95 BC and 92 BC or 89/88 BC (224 SE [Seleucid year]).^{[note 1]} He was the son of Antiochus IX and perhaps his Egyptian wife Cleopatra IV. Eusebes lived during a period of general disintegration in Seleucid Syria, characterized by civil wars, foreign interference by Ptolemaic Egypt and incursions by the Parthians. Antiochus IX was killed in 95Шаблон:NbspBC at the hands of Seleucus VI, the son of his half-brother and rival Antiochus VIII. Antiochus X then went to the city of Aradus where he declared himself king. He avenged his father by defeating Seleucus VI, who was eventually killed.

Antiochus X did not enjoy a stable reign as he had to face three of Seleucus VI's brothers, Antiochus XI, Philip I and Demetrius III. Antiochus XI defeated AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and expelled him from the capital Antioch in 93 BC. A few months later, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX regained his position and killed Antiochus XI. This led to both Philip I and Demetrius III becoming involved. The civil war continued but its final outcome is uncertain due to the contradictions between different ancient historians' accounts. AntiochusШаблон:NbspX married his stepmother, Antiochus IX's widow Cleopatra Selene, and had several children with her, including a future king Antiochus XIII.

The death of Antiochus X is a mystery. The year of his demise is traditionally given by modern scholars as 92 BC, but other dates are also possible including the year 224 SE (89/88Шаблон:NbspBC). The most reliable account of his end is that of the first century historian Josephus, who wrote that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX marched east to fight off the Parthians who were attacking a queen called Laodice; the identity of this queen and who her people were continues to be debated. Other accounts exist: the ancient Greek historian Appian has AntiochusШаблон:NbspX defeated by the Armenian king Tigranes II and losing his kingdom; the third century historian Eusebius wrote that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was defeated by his cousins and escaped to the Parthians before asking the Romans to help him regain the throne. Modern scholars prefer the account of Josephus and question practically every aspect of the versions presented by other ancient historians. Numismatic evidence shows that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was succeeded in Antioch by Demetrius III, who controlled the capital in Шаблон:Circa SE (88/87 BC).

Background, early life and name

Файл:Antiochos IX Kyzikenos, Tetradrachm, 110-109 BC, HGC 3-1228i.jpg

Coin of Antiochus IX, father of Antiochus X

The second century BC witnessed the disintegration of the Syria-based Seleucid Empire due to never-ending dynastic feuds and foreign Egyptian and Roman interference.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Amid constant civil wars, Syria fell to pieces.Шаблон:Sfn Seleucid pretenders fought for the throne, tearing the country apart.Шаблон:Sfn In 113 BC, Antiochus IX declared himself king in opposition to his half-brother Antiochus VIII.Шаблон:Sfn The siblings fought relentlessly for a decade and a half until Antiochus VIII was killed in 96 BC.Шаблон:Sfn The following year, Antiochus VIII's son Seleucus VI marched against Antiochus IX and killed him near the Syrian capital Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn

Egypt and Syria attempted dynastic marriages to maintain a degree of peace.Шаблон:Sfn Antiochus IX married several times; known wives are his cousin Cleopatra IV of Egypt, whom he married in 114 BC,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and her sister Cleopatra Selene, the widow of Antiochus VIII.^{[note 2]}Шаблон:Sfn Some historians, such as John D. Grainger, maintain the existence of a first wife unknown by name who was the mother of Antiochus X.Шаблон:Sfn Others, such as Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, believe that the first wife of Antiochus IX and the mother of his son was Cleopatra IV,Шаблон:Sfn in which case AntiochusШаблон:NbspX would have been born in Шаблон:Circa.Шаблон:Sfn None of those assertions are based on evidence, and the mother of AntiochusШаблон:NbspX is not named in ancient sources.Шаблон:Sfn Antiochus is a Greek name meaning "resolute in contention".Шаблон:Sfn The capital Antioch received its name in deference to Antiochus, the father of the Seleucid dynasty's founder Seleucus I;Шаблон:Sfn the name became dynastic and many Seleucid kings bore it.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

Файл:Syria under the Seleucids 92 BC.svg

Divided Syria Шаблон:Circa

According to Josephus, following the death of his father, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX went to the city of Aradus where he declared himself king;Шаблон:Sfn it is possible that Antiochus IX, before facing Seleucus VI, sent his son to that city for protection.Шаблон:Sfn Aradus was an independent city since 137 BC, meaning that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX made an alliance with it, since he would not have been able to subdue it by force at that stage of his reign.Шаблон:Sfn As the descendants of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX fought over Syria, they portrayed themselves in the likeness of their respective fathers to indicate their legitimacy; Antiochus X's busts on his coins show him with a short nose that ends with an up-turn, like his father.Шаблон:Sfn Ancient Hellenistic kings did not use regnal numbers. Instead, they usually employed epithets to distinguish themselves from other rulers with similar names; the numbering of kings is mostly a modern practice.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On his coins, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX appeared with the epithets Eusebes (the pious) and Philopator (father-loving).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to Appian, the king received the epithet Eusebes from the Syrians because he escaped a plot on his life by Seleucus VI, and, officially, the Syrians thought that he survived because of his piety, but, in reality, it was a prostitute in love with AntiochusШаблон:NbspX who saved him.Шаблон:Sfn

Beginning his reign in 218 SE (95/94 BC),Шаблон:Sfn AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was deprived of resources and lacked a queen. He therefore married a woman who could provide what he needed, his stepmother Cleopatra Selene.Шаблон:Sfn AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was probably no more than twenty years old while his wife was in her forties.Шаблон:Sfn This union was not unprecedented in the Seleucid dynasty, as Antiochus I had married his stepmother Stratonice,Шаблон:Sfn but nevertheless, the marriage was scandalous. Appian commented that he thought the real reason behind the epithet "Eusebes" to be a joke by the Syrians, mocking Antiochus X's piety, as he showed loyalty to his father by bedding his widow.^{[note 3]}Шаблон:Sfn Appian concluded that it was "divine vengeance" for his marriage that eventually led to Antiochus X's fall.Шаблон:Sfn

First reign in Antioch

Файл:Antiochus X Eusebes.jpg

Antiochus X bearded

One of Antiochus X's first actions was to avenge his father;Шаблон:Sfn in 94 BC, he advanced on the capital Antioch and drove Seleucus VI out of northern Syria into Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn According to Eusebius, the final battle between AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and Seleucus VI took place near the Cilician city of Mopsuestia,Шаблон:Sfn ending in Antiochus X's victory while Seleucus VI took refuge in the city, where he perished as a result of a popular revolt.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Seleucid period, currency struck in times of campaigns against a rival or a usurper showed the king bearded,Шаблон:Sfn and what seems to be the earliest bronze coinage of AntiochusШаблон:NbspX shows him with a curly beard,Шаблон:Sfn while later currency, apparently meant to show the king in firm control of his realm, depicted AntiochusШаблон:NbspX clean shaven.Шаблон:Sfn Early in 93 BC, the brothers of Seleucus VI, Antiochus XI and Philip I, avenged Seleucus VI by sacking Mopsuestia. Antiochus XI then advanced on Antioch, defeated Antiochus X, and expelled him from the city, reigning alone in the capital for few months.Шаблон:Sfn

Second reign in Antioch

Файл:Antiochus Eusebes tarsus.jpg

Coin of Antiochus X minted in Tarsus

Antiochus X recruited new soldiers and attacked Antioch the same year. He emerged victorious, while Antiochus XI drowned in the Orontes River as he tried to flee.Шаблон:Sfn Now AntiochusШаблон:NbspX ruled northern Syria and Cilicia;Шаблон:Sfn around this time, Mopsuestia minted coins with the word "autonomous" inscribed. This new political status seems to have been a privilege bestowed upon the city by Antiochus X, who, as a sign of gratitude for Mopsuestia's role in eliminating Seleucus VI, apparently not just rebuilt it, but also compensated it for the damage it suffered at the hands of Seleucus VI's brothers.Шаблон:Sfn In the view of the numismatist Шаблон:Ill, some coins minted in Mopsuestia may carry a portrait of Antiochus X.^{[note 4]}Шаблон:Sfn Other cities minted their own civic coinage under the king's rule, including Tripolis, Berytus,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and perhaps the autonomous city of Ascalon.^{[note 5]}Шаблон:Sfn

In the capital, Antiochus X might have been responsible for building a library and an attached museum on the model of the Library of Alexandria.^{[note 6]}Шаблон:Sfn Philip I was probably centered at Beroea; his brother, Demetrius III, who ruled Damascus, supported him and marched north probably in the spring of 93 BC.Шаблон:Sfn AntiochusШаблон:NbspX faced fierce resistance from his cousins.Шаблон:Sfn In the year 220 SE (93/92Шаблон:NbspBC), the city of Damascus stopped issuing coins in the name of Demetrius III, then resumed the following year;Шаблон:Sfn this could have been the result of incursions by Antiochus X, which weakened his cousin and made Damascus vulnerable to attacks by the Judaean king Alexander Jannaeus.Шаблон:Sfn

Children

The Roman statesman Cicero wrote about two sons of AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and Cleopatra Selene who visited Rome during his time (between 75 and 73 BC); one of them was named Antiochus.Шаблон:Sfn The king might have also fathered a daughter with his wife;Шаблон:Sfn according to the first century historian Plutarch, the Armenian king Tigranes II, who killed Cleopatra Selene in 69 BC, "put to death the successors of Seleucus, and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity".Шаблон:Sfn This statement makes it possible to assume that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX had at least one daughter with his wife.Шаблон:Sfn

Antiochus XIII: mentioned by Cicero.Шаблон:Sfn His epithets raised questions about how many sons with that name AntiochusШаблон:NbspX fathered;Шаблон:Sfn when Antiochus XIII issued coins as a sole ruler, he used the epithet Philadelphos ("brother-loving"), but on jugate coins that show Cleopatra Selene as regent along with a ruling son named Antiochus, the epithet Philometor ("mother-loving") is used.Шаблон:Sfn The historian Шаблон:Ill, agreeing with the view of Bouché-Leclercq, argued that two sons, both named Antiochus, resulted from the marriage of AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and Cleopatra Selene.Шаблон:Sfn Cicero, on the other hand, left one of the brothers unnamed, and clearly stated that Antiochus was the name of only one prince.Шаблон:Sfn Ehling's theory is possible but only if "Antiochus Philometor" was the prince named by Cicero, and the brother, who had a different name, assumed the dynastic name Antiochus with the epithet Philadelphos when he became king following the death of Antiochus Philometor.Шаблон:Sfn In the view of the historian Adrian Dumitru, such a scenario is complicated; more likely, Antiochus XIII bore two epithets, Philadelphos and Philometor.Шаблон:Sfn Several numismatists, such as Oliver D. Hoover, Catharine Lorber and Arthur Houghton, agree that both epithets denoted Antiochus XIII.Шаблон:Sfn
Seleucus VII: the numismatist Brian Kritt deciphered and published a newly discovered jugate coin bearing the portrait of Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler in 2002.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Kritt's reading gave the name of King Seleucus Philometor and, considering the epithet which means mother loving, equated him with the unnamed son mentioned by Cicero.Шаблон:Sfn Kritt gave the newly discovered king the regnal name Seleucus VII.Шаблон:Sfn Some scholars, such as Lloyd Llewellyn Jones and Шаблон:Ill, accepted the reading,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn but Hoover rejected Kritt's reading as the coin is badly damaged and some of the letters cannot be read. Hoover proposed a different reading where the king's name is Antiochus, to be identified with Antiochus XIII.Шаблон:Sfn
Seleucus Kybiosaktes: the unnamed son mentioned by Cicero does not appear in other ancient literature.Шаблон:Sfn Seleucus Kybiosaktes, a man who appeared Шаблон:C. in Egypt as a husband of its queen Berenice IV, is identified by modern scholarship with the unnamed prince.^{[note 7]}Шаблон:Sfn According to the first century BC historian Strabo, Kybiosaktes pretended to be of Seleucid descent.Шаблон:Sfn Kritt considered it plausible to identify Seleucus VII with Seleucus Kybiosaktes.Шаблон:Sfn

Conflict with Parthia and demise

Information about Antiochus X after the interference of Demetrius III is scanty.Шаблон:Sfn Ancient sources and modern scholars present different accounts and dates for the demise of the king.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Antiochus X's end as told by Josephus, which has the king killed during a campaign against the Parthians, is considered the most reliable and likely by modern historians.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Towards the end of his reign, Antiochus X increased his coin production, and this could be related to the campaign undertaken by the Seleucid monarch against Parthia, as recorded by Josephus. The Parthians were advancing in eastern Syria in the time of Antiochus X, which would have made it important for the king to counter attack, thus strengthening his position in the war against his cousins.Шаблон:Sfn The majority of scholars accept the year 92 BC for Antiochus X's end:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Year of death

Файл:Market weight of Antiochus X.jpg

Market weight bearing Antiochus X's name, 92 BC

No known coins issued by the king in Antioch contain a date.Шаблон:Sfn Josephus wrote that the king fell soon after Demetrius III's interference, but this statement is vague.Шаблон:Sfn Most scholars, such as Edward Theodore Newell, understood Josephus's statement to indicate 92Шаблон:NbspBC. According to Hoover, the dating of Newell is apparently based on combining the statement of Josephus with that of Eusebius, who wrote that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was ejected from the capital in 220 SE (93/92 BC) by Philip I. Hoover considered Newell's dating hard to accept; a market weight from Antioch bearing Antiochus X's name, from 92 BC, might contradict the dating of 220 SE (93/92 BC).Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, in the year 221 SE (92/91Шаблон:NbspBC), the city of Antioch issued civic coinage mentioning no king;Шаблон:Sfn Hoover noted that the civic coinage mentions Antioch as the "metropolis" but not as autonomous, and this might be explained as a reward from AntiochusШаблон:NbspX bestowed upon the city for supporting him in his struggle against his cousins.^{[note 8]}Шаблон:Sfn

In 2007, using a methodology based on estimating the annual die usage average rate (the Esty formula), Hoover proposed the year 224 SE (89/88 BC) for the end of Antiochus X's reign.^{[note 9]}Шаблон:Sfn Later in 2011, Hoover noted that this date is hard to accept considering that during Antiochus X's second reign in the capital, only one or two dies were used per year, far too few for the Seleucid average rate to justify a long reign.Шаблон:Sfn Hoover then noted that there seem to be several indications that the coinage of Antiochus X's second reign in the capital, along with the coinages of Antiochus XI and Demetrius III, were re-coined by Philip I who eventually took Antioch Шаблон:Circa, thus explaining the rarity of those kings' coins.Шаблон:Sfn Hoover admitted that his conclusion is "troubling".Шаблон:Sfn The historian Шаблон:Ill considered Hoover's dating and arguments too speculative, as they contradict ancient literature.Шаблон:Sfn

Manner of death

The manner of the king's death varies depending on which ancient account is used. The main ancient historians providing information on Antiochus X's end are Josephus, Appian, Eusebius and Saint Jerome:Шаблон:Sfn

The account of Josephus: "For when he was come as an auxiliary to Laodice, queen of the Gileadites, when she was making war against the Parthians, and he was fighting courageously, he fell."Шаблон:Sfn The Parthians might have been allied with Philip I.Шаблон:Sfn The people of Laodice, their location, and who she was are hard to determine,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn as surviving manuscripts of Josephus's work transmit different names for the people.Шаблон:Sfn Gileadites is an older designation based on the Codex Leidensis (Lugdunensis) manuscript of Josephus's work, but the academic consensus uses the designation Sameans,Шаблон:Sfn based on the Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus manuscript.Шаблон:Sfn

Based on the reading Gileadites: In the view of Bouché-Leclercq, the division of Syria between AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and his cousins must have tempted the Parthian king Mithridates II to annex the kingdom. Bouché-Leclercq, agreeing with the historian Alfred von Gutschmid, identified the mysterious queen with Antiochus X's cousin Laodice, daughter of Antiochus VIII, and wife of Mithridates I, the king of Commagene, which had recently detached from the Seleucids, and suggested that Laodice resided in Samosata.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Bouché-Leclercq hypothesized that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX did not go to help his rivals' sister, but to stop the Parthians before they reached his own borders.Шаблон:Sfn The historian Adolf Kuhn, on the other hand, considered it implausible that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX would support a daughter of Antiochus VIII and he questioned the identification with the queen of Commagene.^{[note 10]}Шаблон:Sfn Ehling, attempting to explain Antiochus X's assistance of Laodice, suggested that the queen was a daughter of Antiochus IX, a sister of Antiochus X.Шаблон:Sfn
Based on the reading Sameans: the historian Шаблон:Ill considered Laodice a queen of a nomadic tribe based on the similarities between the name from the Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Graecus with the Samènes, a people mentioned by the sixth century geographer Stephanus of Byzantium as an Arab nomadic tribe. This would solve the problems posed by the identification with the queen of Commagene, and end the debate regarding the location of the people, as the nature of their nomadic life makes it impossible to determine exactly the place where the fight took place. Dobiáš attributed the initiative to AntiochusШаблон:NbspX who was not merely trying to defend his borders but actively attacking the Parthians.Шаблон:Sfn

The account of Appian: Antiochus X was expelled from Syria by Tigranes II of Armenia.Шаблон:Sfn Appian gave Tigranes II a reign of fourteen years in Syria ending in 69 BC.Шаблон:Sfn That year witnessed the retreat of the Armenian king due to a war with the Romans. Hence, the invasion of Syria by Tigranes, based on the account of Appian, probably took place in 83 BC.^{[note 11]}Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Bellinger dismissed this account, and considered that Appian confused AntiochusШаблон:NbspX with his son Antiochus XIII.Шаблон:Sfn Kuhn considered a confusion between father and son to be out of the question because Appian mentioned the epithet Eusebes when talking about the fate of Antiochus X. In the view of Kuhn, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX retreated to Cilicia after being defeated by Tigranes II, and his sons ruled that region after him and were reported visiting Rome in 73 BC.Шаблон:Sfn However, numismatic evidence proves that Demetrius III controlled Cilicia following the demise of Antiochus X, and that Tarsus minted coins in his name Шаблон:Circa SE (88/87 BC).Шаблон:Sfn The Egyptologist Christopher J. Bennett, considered it possible that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX retreated to Ptolemais after being defeated by Tigranes since it became his widow's base.Шаблон:Sfn In his history, Appian failed to mention the reigns of Demetrius III and Philip I in the capital which preceded the reign of Tigranes II. According to Hoover, Appian's ignorance of the intervening kings between AntiochusШаблон:NbspX and Tigranes II might explain how he confused Antiochus XIII, who is known to have fled from the Armenian king, with his father.Шаблон:Sfn

Eusebius and others: According to Eusebius, who used the account of the third century historian Porphyry, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was ejected from the capital by Philip I in 220 SE (93/92 BC) and fled to the Parthians.^{[note 12]}Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Eusebius added that following the Roman conquest of Syria, AntiochusШаблон:NbspX surrendered to Pompey, hoping to be reinstated on the throne, but the people of Antioch paid money to the Roman general to avoid a Seleucid restoration. AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was then invited by the people of Alexandria to rule jointly with the daughters of Ptolemy XII, but he died of illness soon after.Шаблон:Sfn This account has been questioned by many scholars, such as Hoover and Bellinger.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The story told by Eusebius contains factual inaccuracies, as he wrote that in the same year AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was defeated by Philip I, he surrendered to Pompey,Шаблон:Sfn while at the same time Philip I was captured by the governor of Syria Aulus Gabinius.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, Pompey arrived in Syria only in 64 BC,Шаблон:Sfn and left it in 62 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Aulus Gabinius was appointed governor of Syria in 57 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Also, the part of Eusebius's account regarding the surrender to Pompey echoes the fate of Antiochus XIII;Шаблон:Sfn the writer seems to be confusing the fate of AntiochusШаблон:NbspX with that of his son.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The second century historian Justin, writing based on the work of the first century BC historian Trogus, also confused the father and son, as he wrote that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was appointed king of Syria by the Roman general Lucullus following the defeat of Tigranes II in 69 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Succession

A coin depicting a queen and a king. The queen's portrait is in the front.

The coin of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII from Seyrig's collection

It is known from numismatic evidence that Demetrius III eventually succeeded AntiochusШаблон:NbspX in Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn Eusebius's statement that AntiochusШаблон:NbspX was ejected from the capital by Philip I in 220 SE (93/92 BC) is contradicted by the coins of Demetrius III, who was not mentioned at all by Eusebius.Шаблон:Sfn Any suggestions that Philip I controlled Antioch before the demise of Demetrius III can be dismissed; in addition to the numismatic evidence, no ancient source claimed that Demetrius III had to push Philip I out of the city.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1949, a jugate coin of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII, from the collection of the French archaeologist Henri Arnold Seyrig, was dated by the historian Alfred Bellinger to 92Шаблон:NbspBC and ascribed to Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn Based on Bellinger's dating, some modern historians, such as Ehling, proposed that Cleopatra Selene enjoyed an ephemeral reign in Antioch between the death of her husband and the arrival of his successor.Шаблон:Sfn Bellinger doubted his own dating and the coin's place of issue in 1952, suggesting Cilicia instead of Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn This coin is dated by many twenty-first century scholars to 82Шаблон:NbspBC.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Antiochus X's recently discovered coin (after 2008) in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover. Exhibiting what might be the king's first coin bearing a date, 221 SE (92/91 BC).
Antiochus X's recently discovered coin (after 2008) in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover. Exhibiting the king's first known coin minted in Tarsus.
The coin (SNG Levante 1306) possibly depicting Antiochus X from Mopsuestia in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover.
The coin possibly dating to 221 SE (92/91 BC) exhibited in the blog of the numismatist Jayseth Guberman.

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end

Шаблон:Hellenistic rulers

Шаблон:Authority control

Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="note"/>

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[note 6]

[note 7]

[note 8]

[note 9]

[note 10]

[note 11]

[note 12]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.