Английская Википедия:Antiquarian science books
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.)
The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.).[1] Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications or Google Books.
Incunabula are extremely rare and valuable, but as the "scientific revolution" is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of Renaissance literature (including alchemy, Renaissance magic, etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning scientific revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions.[2]
List of notable books
16th century
- Tartaglia, Niccolò. Nova Scientia (A New Science). Venice, 1537. Ballistics.
- Biringuccio, Vannoccio. De la pirotechnia. Venice, 1540. Metallurgy.
- Fuchs, Leonhart. De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes. Basel, 1542. Botany.
- Copernicus, Nicolaus. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.[3] Wittenberg, 1543. Copernican heliocentrism.
- Vesalius, Andreas. De humani corporis fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body).[4] Basel, 1543. Anatomy.
- Cardano, Gerolamo. Artis magnae sive de regulis algebraicis (The Art of Solving Algebraic Equations). Nuremberg, 1545. Algebra.
- Brunfels, Otto. Kreuterbüch, 1546. Botany.
- Gessner, Conrad. Historia Animalium[5] 1551-58. Zoology
- Bock, Hieronymus. Kreutterbuch. Strasbourg, 1552. Botany.
- Paracelsus. Theil der grossen Wundartzney.[6] Frankfurt, 1556. Medicine.
- Agricola, Georgius. De re metallica. Basel, 1561. Mineralogy.
- Regiomontanus. De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque.[7] Basel, 1561. Trigonometry.
- Bombelli, Rafael. Algebra. 1569/1572. Imaginary numbers.
- Cesalpino, Andrea. De plantis libri XVI. 1583. Taxonomy.
- Bruno, Giordano. De l'infinito, universo e mondi.[8] 1584 Cosmology.
- Stevin, Simon. De Thiende. 1585. Decimal numeral system.
- Stevin, Simon. De Beghinselen der Weeghconst. 1586. Statics.
- Brahe, Tycho. Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata. 1588. Astronomy.
- Viète, François. In artem analyticam isagoge (Introduction to the Analytical Art).[9] Tours, 1591. Algebra.
- Ruini, Carlo. Anatomia del Cavallo. Venice, 1598. Veterinary medicine.
17th century
- Gilbert, William. De Magnete.[10] London, 1600 Magnetism
- Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger). Frankfurt, 1610. Astronomy
- Napier, John. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio,[11] 1614. Logarithms
- Kepler, Johannes. Harmonices Mundi.[12] Linz, 1619. Celestial mechanics
- Bacon, Francis. Novum Organum. London, 1620. Experimentation
- Galilei, Galileo. Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaico, e Coperniciano. Florence, 1632. Heliocentrism
- Descartes, René. Discours de la Methode / La Geometrie. Leiden, 1637 Analytical geometry
- Fermat, Pierre de. Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam,[13] 1638. Calculus
- Galilei, Galileo. Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze. Leiden, 1638. Classical dynamics
- Desargues, Gérard. Brouillon-project d'une atteinte aux evenemens des rencontres du cone avec un plan, 1639. Projective geometry.
- Harvey, William. Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Anatomical Exercises, Concerning the Heart and Blood)[14] London, 1653. Circulatory system
- Wallis, John. Arithmetica infinitorum, 1655. Calculus
- Boyle, Robert. The Sceptical Chymist.[15] London, 1661. Chemistry
- Pascal, Blaise. Traitez de l'Equilibre des Liqueurs, et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l'Air.[16] Paris, 1663. Fluid statics
- Gregory, James. Optica Promota, 1663. Optics
- Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. London, 1665. Microscopy
- Steno, Nicolas. De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Contento Dissertationis Prodromus. Florence, 1669. Stratigraphy
- Barrow, Isaac. Lectiones geometricae,[17] 1670. Calculus
- von Guericke, Otto. Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio.[18] Magdeburger Halbkugeln, 1672. Experimental physics
- Huygens, Christiaan. Horologium Oscillatorium. Paris, 1673. Pendulus.
- Fermat, Pierre de. Ad locus planos et solidos isagoge, 1679. Analytic geometry
- Leibniz, Gottfried. Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis, 1684. Calculus
- Newton, Isaac. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.[19] London, 3 Vol, 1687. Classical mechanics
- Huygens, Christiaan. Traité de la Lumière. Leiden, 1690. Optics
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Specimen Dynamicum. Vienna, 1695. Classical mechanics
- van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie. Arcana Naturae, Ope & Beneficio Exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum.[20] Leiden, 1696. Microbiology
- l'Hôpital, Guillaume de. Analyse des infiniment petits. Paris, 1696. Calculus
18th century
- Newton, Isaac (England). Opticks.[21] London, 1704. Optics
- Taylor, Brook (England). Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa,[22] 1715. Taylor series
- Linnaeus, Carl (Sweden). Systema Naturae. Netherlands, 1735. Linnaean taxonomy
- Bernoulli, Daniel (Netherlands). Hydrodynamica. Strasbourg, 1738, Fluid dynamics
- d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (France). Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents,[23] 1747. Complex numbers
- Euler, Leonhard (Switzerland). Introductio in analysin infinitorum. Lausanne, 1748. Mathematical analysis
- Franklin, Benjamin (America). Experiments and Observations on Electricity.[24] London/Philadelphia, 1751. Electricity
- Bayes, Thomas (England). An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances.[25] London, 1763. Inverse probability
- Volta, Alessandro (Italy). De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus,[26] 1769. Electricity
- Smith, Adam (Scotland). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London, 2 Vol, 1776. Capitalism
- Monge, Gaspard (France). Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais,[27] 1781. Descriptive geometry.
- Lagrange, Joseph (Italy). Mécanique analytique. Paris, 1788. Dynamics
- Hutton, James (Scotland). Theory of the Earth.[28] Edinburgh, 1788. Geology
- Lavoisier, Antoine (France). Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry).[29] Paris, 2 Vol, 1789. Chemistry
- Galvani, Luigi (Italy). De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius[30] Bologna, 1791. Electricity
- Legendre, Adrien-Marie (France). Essai sur la théorie des nombres.[31] Paris, 1798. Number theory
- Jenner, Edward (England). An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ.[32][33] 1798. Immunology
- Wessel, Caspar (Norway). Om directionens analytiske betegning.[34] Copenhagen, 1799. Imaginary numbers
- Ruffini, Paolo (Italy). Teoria generale dele equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile. La soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quatro. Bologna, 1799. Algebra
19th century
- Gauss, Carl Friedrich (Germany). Disquisitiones Arithmeticae.[35] Leipzig, 1801. Number theory
- Young, Thomas (England). Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics,[36] 1803. Light
- Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland). Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques,[37] 1806. Imaginary numbers.
- Dalton, John (England). A New System of Chemical Philosophy.[38] London, 1808. Atomic theory
- Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (Sweden). Läroboken i kemien,[39] 1808. Chemistry
- Cayley, George (England). On Aerial Navigation.[40] Brompton, 3 Vol, 1809. Aeronautics.
- Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark). Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam.[41][42] Copenhagen, 1820. Electromagnetism.
- Fourier, Joseph (France). Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur.[43] Paris, 1822. Fourier series.
- Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences. Paris, 1822. Wave optics
- Babbage, Charles (England). Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables.[44] London, 1823. Computing
- Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia). Geometriya.[45] 1823. Non-Euclidean geometry
- Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (France). Le calcul infinitesimal.[46] Paris, 1823. Mathematical analysis
- Carnot, Sadi (France). Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance. Paris, 1824. Thermodynamics
- Ampère, André-Marie (France). Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques,[47] 1827. Electromagnetism
- Laplace, Pierre-Simon (France). Traité de Mécanique Céleste.[48] Paris, 1827. Classical mechanics
- Ohm, Georg (Germany). Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet.[49] Berlin, 1827. Electricity
- Lyell, Charles (Scotland). Principles of Geology.[50] London, 1830. Geology
- Poisson, Siméon Denis (France). Théorie Mathématique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1835. Heat transfer
- Faraday, Michael (England). Experimental Researches in Electricity.[51][52] London, 1839-55. Electricity.
- Babbage, Charles & Lovelace, Ada (England). Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage (with additional notes by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace),[53] 1843. Computing
- Joule, James P. (England). On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat.[54][55] London, 1843. Conservation of energy
- Hamilton, William Rowan (Ireland). On Quaternions. London/Edinburgh/Dublin, 1844. Quaternions.
- von Helmholtz, Hermann (Germany). Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (On the Conservation of Force).[56] 1847. Conservation of energy
- Clausius, Rudolf (Germany). Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom).[57] Leipzig, 1850. Laws of thermodynamics
- Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin) (Scotland/Ireland). On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam.[58] Edinburgh, 1851. Thermodynamics
- Boole, George (England). An Investigation of the Laws of Thought.[59] London, 1854. Boolean algebra
- Maury, Matthew Fontaine (America). The Physical Geography of the Sea.[60] New York, 1855. Oceanography
- Virchow, Rudolf (Germany). Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre.[61] 1858. Cellular pathology
- Darwin, Charles (England). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.[62] London, 1859. Evolutionary biology
- Pasteur, Louis (France). Memoire sur les corpuscules organises qui existent dans l'atmosphere.[63] Paris, 1861. Microbiology.
- Lejeune Dirichlet, P. G. (Germany). Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie. Braunschweig, 1863, Number theory.
- Bernard, Claude (France). Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale.[64] Paris, 1865. Physiology
- Mendel, Gregor (Czech Republic/Austria). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization).[65][66] Brno, 1866. Genetics
- Riemann, Bernhard (Germany). Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen.[67] Göttingen, 1868. Riemannian geometry
- Beltrami, Eugenio (Italy). Saggio di interpretazione della geometria non-euclidea (Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry),[68] 1868. Hyperbolic geometry
- Galton, Francis (England). Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. London, 1869, Statistics
- Cohn, Ferdinand (Poland). Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien.[69] Breslau, 3 Vol, 1870. Bacteriology.
- Darwin, Charles (England). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.[70] London, 1871. Evolutionary biology.
- Marx, Karl (Germany). Das Kapital. St. Petersburg, 1872. Economics.
- Maxwell, James Clerk (Scotland). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.[71] Oxford, 2 Vol, 1873. Classical electromagnetism.
- Koch, Robert (Germany). Untersuchungen uber die aetiologie der wundinfectionskrankheiter. Leipzig, 1878. Bacteriology.
- Gibbs, Willard (America). On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. New Haven, 1878. Physical chemistry
- Michelson, Albert A. (America). Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light. Annapolis, 1880. Speed of light.
- Abel, Niels Henrik (Norway). Oeuvres complètes, 1881. Mathematical analysis.
- Zhukovsky, Nikolai (Russia). O protchnosti dvizheniya (The Durability of Motion). Moscow, 1882. Aeronautics.
- Cantor, Georg (Russia/Germany). Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre.[72] Leipzig, 1883. Set theory.
- James, William (America). The Principles of Psychology. New York, 1890. Psychology
- Mendeleev, Dmitri (Russia). Principles of Chemistry. London, 1891. Chemistry
- Newcomb, Simon (America). Astronomical Papers Prepared for the Use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Washington, D.C., 1891. Astronomy
- Poincare, Henri (France). Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste.[73] Paris, 1892. Celestial mechanics
- Tesla, Nikola (Croatia/America). Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency. New York, 1892. Electricity
- Hertz, Heinrich (Germany). Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft (Electric Waves).[74][75] 1893. Electromagnetic radiation
- Röntgen, Wilhelm (Germany). Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (On A New Kind Of Rays).[76] 1895. X-rays
- Bolyai, János (Hungary). The Science of Absolute Space.[77] 1896. Non-Euclidean geometry
- Galois, Évariste (France). Oeuvres Mathematiques d'Évariste Galois. Paris, 1897. Group theory
- Curie, Marie (Poland/France) & Curie, Pierre (France). Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende [78] (Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences). Paris, 1898. Radioactivity
- Hilbert, David (Germany). Grundlagen der Geometrie (The Foundations of Geometry).[79] 1899. Mathematics
- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (Spain). Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados[80] 1899-1904. Neuroscience
20th century (pre-Cold War)
- Planck, Max (Germany). Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum.[81] Leipzig, 1900. Quantum mechanics
- Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia). The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga, 1903. Rockets
- Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand). Radio-activity.[82] Cambridge, 1904. Nuclear physics
- Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands). Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light.[83] Amsterdam, 1904. Special relativity
- Einstein, Albert[84] (Germany). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies")[85] Leipzig, 1905.[86] Special relativity
- Einstein, Albert (Germany). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?[87] Leipzig, 1905. Physics
- Richardson, Lewis (England). The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam.[88] London, 1910. Computational mechanics
- Boas, Franz (Germany/America). The Mind of Primitive Man.[89] New York, 1911. Anthropology
- Bohr, Niels (Denmark). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules.[90][91][92] London, 1913. Quantum mechanics
- Einstein, Albert (Germany). Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity).[93] Leipzig, 1916. Physics.
- Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, D.C, 1919. Rockets
- de Broglie, Louis (France). Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory),[94] 1924. Wave–particle duality
- Whitehead, Alfred North (England) and Russell, Bertrand (England). Principia Mathematica. Cambridge, 1925. Mathematics
- Heisenberg, Werner (Germany). Über quantentheorestische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. Berlin, 1925. Quantum mechanics
- Schrödinger, Erwin (Austria). Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem.[95] Leipzig, 1926. Quantum mechanics
- Heisenberg, Werner (Germany). Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik[96] Berlin, 1927. Quantum mechanics
- Pavlov, Ivan (Russia). Conditioned Reflexes. New York, 1928. Classical conditioning
- Oberth, Hermann (Romania). Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight).[97] Munich/Berlin, 1929. Rockets
- Hubble, Edwin (America). A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae.[98] Washington, D.C., 1929. Astrophysics
- Dirac, Paul (England). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford, 1930. Quantum mechanics.
- Gödel, Kurt (Czech Republic/America). On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems. Leipzig, 1931. Mathematical logic.
- von Neumann, John (Hungary/America). Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. 1932. Quantum mechanics
- Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). Liquid Propellant Rocket Development.[99] Washington, D.C., 1936. Rockets
- Keynes, John Maynard (England). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London, 1936. Economics
- Church, Alonzo (America). A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem.[100] Ann Arbor, 1936. Computer science.
- Turing, Alan (England). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.[101] Cambridge, 1937. Computing
- Dobzhansky, Theodosius (Ukraine/America). Genetics and the Origin of Species. 1937. Evolutionary biology
- Shannon, Claude E. (America). A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits (Master's thesis, MIT).[102][103] 1937. Computing
- Pauling, Linus (America). The Nature of the Chemical Bond.[104] Ithaca, 1939. Chemistry.
- von Neumann, John (Hungary/America) & Morgenstern, Oskar (Germany/America). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, 1944. Game theory
References
External links
Шаблон:Important publications Шаблон:Books
- ↑ Prices quoted were collected using sources such as Шаблон:Cite web Шаблон:Cite web http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry http://www.sothebys.com http://www.christies.com
- ↑ US$2,210,500 at a Christies auction in 2008.
- ↑ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Шаблон:Webarchive, from Harvard University.
- ↑ De Humani Corporis Fabrica online — translated with full images, from Northwestern University
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed. De Triangulis Planis et Sphaericis libri quinque. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna 1561. First edition: De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Giordano Bruno, De l'infinito, universo e mondi, a cura di Giovanni Aquilecchia, Sansoni, Firenze, 1985.
- ↑ First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ De Magnete at Project Gutenberg. Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio (Edward Wright's English translation was published in 1616). Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First written in a letter to Mersenne in 1638, the first printed publication of the method is in the fifth volume of the "Supplementum Cursus Mathematici" (1642) written by Herigone, and only in 1679 it appears in Fermat's "Varia opera mathematica". Electronic version in latin. First edition of "Varia opera mat." at Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Gutenberg author. Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First editions of Experimenta Nova available at ILAB
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First editions at ILAB
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ De vi attractiva ignis electrici (in latin)
- ↑ Mémoire sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais De l'Imprimerie Royale.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ De viribus electricitatis, 1791. The International Centre for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), Università di Bologna
- ↑ Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres (Paris: Duprat, 1798). First edition Шаблон:Webarchive at Sophia Rare Books
- ↑ A digitized copy Шаблон:Webarchive of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal. First edition at Abebooks
- ↑ Essai sur une manière de représenter des quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques, 2e édition, Gauthier Villars, Paris (1874) BNF
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book. First edition at Sophia Rare Books Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Electronic version in archive.org
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First edition at Abebooks - Jeremy Norman's historyofscience Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy Académie des sciences (France). Ministère de l'éducation nationale.
- ↑ Early edition at Abebooks (Jeremy Norman's historyofscience, Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.))
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Electronic version in archive.org
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ada Lovelace's notes: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ In June 1845, Joule read his paper "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" to the British Association meeting in Cambridge (Joule, J.P. (1845) "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat", Brit. Assoc. Rep., trans. Chemical Sect, p.31)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ First editions of Die cellularpathologie at ILAB
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First editions of Introduction à l'etude de la médicine at ILAB
- ↑ Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, Abhandlungen: 3–47, [1]. For the English translation, see: Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ "Mendel's paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", was read at meetings of the Brunn Natural History Society on 8th February and 8th March 1865, and was published in the Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, 4, 1865, which appeared in 1866" (Gregor Mendel, Experiments in Plant Hybridisation, Cosimo, Inc., 2008, p. 7).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Published separately as: Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre.
- ↑ List of Poincaré writings in English translation
- ↑ First editions at ILAB
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "The science absolute of space : independent of the truth or falsity of Euclid's axiom XI (which can never be decided a priori)", The Neomon, Austin, 1896
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Histologie du système nerveux, first edition in french, 1909
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Translated in Шаблон:Cite book First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Radio-activity (1904), 2nd ed. (1905), Шаблон:ISBN First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Annus Mirabilis papers
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Link "Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
- ↑ Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Ways to Spaceflight (1929) Шаблон:OCLC
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First edition: Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Full text at MIT
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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