Английская Википедия:Anubis
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Pp Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox deity
Anubis (Шаблон:IPAc-en;[1] Шаблон:Lang-grc), also known as Inpu, Inpw, Jnpw, or Anpu in Ancient Egyptian (Шаблон:Lang-cop), is the god of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld, in ancient Egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head.[2]
Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumed different roles in various contexts. Depicted as a protector of graves as early as the First Dynasty (Шаблон:Circa), Anubis was also an embalmer. By the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) he was replaced by Osiris in his role as lord of the underworld. One of his prominent roles was as a god who ushered souls into the afterlife. He attended the weighing scale during the "Weighing of the Heart", in which it was determined whether a soul would be allowed to enter the realm of the dead. Anubis is one of the most frequently depicted and mentioned gods in the Egyptian pantheon; however, no relevant myth involved him.Шаблон:Sfn
Anubis was depicted in black, a color that symbolized regeneration, life, the soil of the Nile River, and the discoloration of the corpse after embalming. Anubis is associated with his brother Wepwawet, another Egyptian god portrayed with a dog's head or in canine form, but with grey or white fur. Historians assume that the two figures were eventually combined.Шаблон:Sfn Anubis' female counterpart is Anput. His daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet.
Name
"Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's Egyptian name.Шаблон:Sfn[3] Before the Greeks arrived in Egypt, around the 7th century BC, the god was known as Anpu or Inpu. The root of the name in ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child." Inpu has a root to "inp", which means "to decay." The god was also known as "First of the Westerners," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "He Who is Upon his Sacred Mountain," "Ruler of the Nine Bows," "The Dog who Swallows Millions," "Master of Secrets," "He Who is in the Place of Embalming," and "Foremost of the Divine Booth."[4] The positions that he had were also reflected in the titles he held such as "He Who Is upon His Mountain," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "Foremost of the Westerners," and "He Who Is in the Place of Embalming."[5] In the Old Kingdom (Шаблон:Circa), the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs inpw followed by a jackalШаблон:Efn over a ḥtp sign:Шаблон:Sfn <hiero>i-n:p-w-C6</hiero> A new form with the jackal on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter:Шаблон:Sfn <hiero>i-n:p-w-E16</hiero>
Anubis' name jnpw was possibly pronounced [a.ˈna.pʰa(w)], based on Coptic Anoup and the Akkadian transcription Шаблон:Script/CuneiformШаблон:Angbr in the name <ri-a-na-pa> "Reanapa" that appears in Amarna letter EA 315.Шаблон:Sfn[6] However, this transcription may also be interpreted as rˁ-nfr, a name similar to that of Prince Ranefer of the Fourth Dynasty.
History
In Egypt's Early Dynastic period (Шаблон:Circa), Anubis was portrayed in full animal form, with a "jackal" head and body.Шаблон:Sfn A jackal god, probably Anubis, is depicted in stone inscriptions from the reigns of Hor-Aha, Djer, and other pharaohs of the First Dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn Since Predynastic Egypt, when the dead were buried in shallow graves, jackals had been strongly associated with cemeteries because they were scavengers which uncovered human bodies and ate their flesh.Шаблон:Sfnm In the spirit of "fighting like with like," a jackal was chosen to protect the dead, because "a common problem (and cause of concern) must have been the digging up of bodies, shortly after burial, by jackals and other wild dogs which lived on the margins of the cultivation."Шаблон:Sfn
In the Old Kingdom, Anubis was the most important god of the dead. He was replaced in that role by Osiris during the Middle Kingdom (2000–1700 BC).Шаблон:Sfn In the Roman era, which started in 30 BC, tomb paintings depict him holding the hand of deceased persons to guide them to Osiris.Шаблон:Sfn
The parentage of Anubis varied between myths, times and sources. In early mythology, he was portrayed as a son of Ra.Шаблон:Sfn In the Coffin Texts, which were written in the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC), Anubis is the son of either the cow goddess Hesat or the cat-headed Bastet.Шаблон:Sfn Another tradition depicted him as the son of Ra and Nephthys.Шаблон:Sfn The Greek Plutarch (c. 40–120 AD) reported a tradition that Anubis was the illegitimate son of Nephthys and Osiris, but that he was adopted by Osiris's wife Isis:Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Blockquote George Hart sees this story as an "attempt to incorporate the independent deity Anubis into the Osirian pantheon."Шаблон:Sfn An Egyptian papyrus from the Roman period (30–380 AD) simply called Anubis the "son of Isis."Шаблон:Sfn In Nubia, Anubis was seen as the husband of his mother Nephthys.[7]
In the Ptolemaic period (350–30 BC), when Egypt became a Hellenistic kingdom ruled by Greek pharaohs, Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis.Шаблон:Sfn[8] The two gods were considered similar because they both guided souls to the afterlife.Шаблон:Sfn The center of this cult was in uten-ha/Sa-ka/ Cynopolis, a place whose Greek name means "city of dogs." In Book XI of The Golden Ass by Apuleius, there is evidence that the worship of this god was continued in Rome through at least the 2nd century. Indeed, Hermanubis also appears in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egyptian animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (Anubis was mockingly called "Barker" by the Greeks), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in the heavens and Cerberus and Hades in the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn In his dialogues, Plato often has Socrates utter oaths "by the dog" (Greek: kai me ton kuna), "by the dog of Egypt", and "by the dog, the god of the Egyptians", both for emphasis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the underworld.[9]
Roles
Embalmer
As jmy-wt (Imiut or the Imiut fetish) "He who is in the place of embalming", Anubis was associated with mummification. He was also called ḫnty zḥ-nṯr "He who presides over the god's booth", in which "booth" could refer either to the place where embalming was carried out or the pharaoh's burial chamber.Шаблон:Sfnm[10]
In the Osiris myth, Anubis helped Isis to embalm Osiris.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, when the Osiris myth emerged, it was said that after Osiris had been killed by Set, Osiris's organs were given to Anubis as a gift. With this connection, Anubis became the patron god of embalmers; during the rites of mummification, illustrations from the Book of the Dead often show a wolf-mask-wearing priest supporting the upright mummy.
Protector of tombs
Anubis was a protector of graves and cemeteries. Several epithets attached to his name in Egyptian texts and inscriptions referred to that role. Khenty-Amentiu, which means "foremost of the westerners" and was also the name of a different canine funerary god, alluded to his protecting function because the dead were usually buried on the west bank of the Nile.Шаблон:Sfn He took other names in connection with his funerary role, such as tpy-ḏw.f (Tepy-djuef) "He who is upon his mountain" (i.e. keeping guard over tombs from above) and nb-t3-ḏsr (Neb-ta-djeser) "Lord of the sacred land", which designates him as a god of the desert necropolis.Шаблон:Sfnm[10]
The Jumilhac papyrus recounts another tale where Anubis protected the body of Osiris from Set. Set attempted to attack the body of Osiris by transforming himself into a leopard. Anubis stopped and subdued Set, however, and he branded Set's skin with a hot iron rod. Anubis then flayed Set and wore his skin as a warning against evil-doers who would desecrate the tombs of the dead.Шаблон:Sfn Priests who attended to the dead wore leopard skin in order to commemorate Anubis' victory over Set. The legend of Anubis branding the hide of Set in leopard form was used to explain how the leopard got its spots.Шаблон:Sfn
Most ancient tombs had prayers to Anubis carved on them.[11]
Guide of souls
By the late pharaonic era (664–332 BC), Anubis was often depicted as guiding individuals across the threshold from the world of the living to the afterlife.Шаблон:Sfnm Though a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow-headed Hathor, Anubis was more commonly chosen to fulfill that function.Шаблон:Sfn Greek writers from the Roman period of Egyptian history designated that role as that of "psychopomp", a Greek term meaning "guide of souls" that they used to refer to their own god Hermes, who also played that role in Greek religion.Шаблон:Sfn Funerary art from that period represents Anubis guiding either men or women dressed in Greek clothes into the presence of Osiris, who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn
Weigher of hearts
One of the roles of Anubis was as the "Guardian of the Scales."Шаблон:Sfn The critical scene depicting the weighing of the heart, in the Book of the Dead, shows Anubis performing a measurement that determined whether the person was worthy of entering the realm of the dead (the underworld, known as Duat). By weighing the heart of a deceased person against ma'at, who was often represented as an ostrich feather, Anubis dictated the fate of souls. Souls heavier than a feather would be devoured by Ammit, and souls lighter than a feather would ascend to a heavenly existence.[12][13]
Portrayal in art
Anubis was one of the most frequently represented deities in ancient Egyptian art.Шаблон:Sfn He is depicted in royal tombs as early as the First Dynasty.[4] The god is typically treating a king's corpse, providing sovereign to mummification rituals and funerals, or standing with fellow gods at the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the Hall of Two Truths.[5] One of his most popular representations is of him, with the body of a man and the head of a jackal with pointed ears, standing or kneeling, holding a gold scale while a heart of the soul is being weighed against Ma'at's white truth feather.[4]
In the early dynastic period, he was depicted in animal form, as a black canine.Шаблон:Sfn Anubis's distinctive black color did not represent the animal, rather it had several symbolic meanings.Шаблон:Sfn It represented "the discolouration of the corpse after its treatment with natron and the smearing of the wrappings with a resinous substance during mummification."Шаблон:Sfn Being the color of the fertile silt of the River Nile, to Egyptians, black also symbolized fertility and the possibility of rebirth in the afterlife.Шаблон:Sfnm In the Middle Kingdom, Anubis was often portrayed as a man with the head of a jackal.[14] The African jackal was the species depicted and the template of numerous Ancient Egyptian deities, including Anubis.[15] An extremely rare depiction of him in fully human form was found in a chapel of Ramesses II in Abydos.Шаблон:Sfn[3]
Anubis is often depicted wearing a ribbon and holding a nḫ3ḫ3 "flail" in the crook of his arm.[14] Another of Anubis's attributes was the jmy-wt or imiut fetish, named for his role in embalming.Шаблон:Sfn In funerary contexts, Anubis is shown either attending to a deceased person's mummy or sitting atop a tomb protecting it. New Kingdom tomb-seals also depict Anubis sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination over the enemies of Egypt.Шаблон:Sfn
-
Statue of Anubis
-
Wall relief of Anubis in (KV17) the tomb of Seti I, 19th Dynasty, Valley of the Kings
-
Anubis receiving offerings, hieroglyph name in third column from left, 14th century BC; painted limestone; from Saqqara (Egypt)
-
The Anubis Shrine; 1336–1327 BC; painted wood and gold; 1.1 × 2.7 × 0.52 m; from the Valley of the Kings; Egyptian Museum (Cairo)
-
Anubis, Harpocrates, Isis and Serapis, antique fresco in Pompeii, Italy
-
Stela of Siamun and Taruy worshipping Anubis
-
Lintel of Amenemhat I and deities; 1981–1952 BC; painted limestone; 36.8 × 172 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
-
The king with Anubis, from the tomb of Horemheb; 1323-1295 BC; tempera on paper; Metropolitan Museum of Art
-
Anubis amulet; 664–30 BC; faience; height: 4.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
-
Recumbent Anubis; 664–30 BC; limestone, originally painted black; height: 38.1 cm, length: 64 cm, width: 16.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
-
Statuette of Anubis; 332–30 BC; plastered and painted wood; 42.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art
Worship
Although he does not appear in many myths, he was extremely popular with Egyptians and those of other cultures.[4] The Greeks linked him to their god Hermes, the god who guided the dead to the afterlife. The pairing was later known as Hermanubis. Anubis was heavily worshipped because, despite modern beliefs, he gave the people hope. People marveled in the guarantee that their body would be respected at death, their soul would be protected and justly judged.[4]
Anubis had male priests who sported wood masks with the god's likeness when performing rituals.[4][5] His cult center was at Cynopolis in Upper Egypt but memorials were built everywhere and he was universally revered in every part of the nation.[4]
In popular culture
Шаблон:Unreferenced section In popular and media culture, Anubis is often falsely portrayed as the sinister god of the dead. He gained popularity during the 20th and 21st centuries through books, video games, and movies where artists would give him evil powers and a dangerous army. Despite his nefarious reputation, his image is still the most recognizable of the Egyptian gods and replicas of his statues and paintings remain popular.
See also
- Abatur, Mandaean uthra who weighs the souls of the dead to determine their fate
- Шаблон:Section link
- Anput
- Anubias
- Bhairava
- Hades
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:Ancient Egyptian religion footer Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Portal bar
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 56
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ E.g., Gorgias, 482b (Шаблон:Harvnb), or The Republic, 399e, 567e, 592a (Шаблон:Harvnb).
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Anubis
- Animal gods
- Canines in religion
- Egyptian death gods
- Egyptian underworld
- Mythological canines
- Mythological human hybrids
- Psychopomps
- Underworld gods
- Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology
- Egyptian gods
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
![Statue of Hermanubis, c. 100–138 AD, from Rome[16]](/ruwiki/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0&wpDestFile=Anubis,_Anzio,_Villa_Pamphili,_1st-2nd_century_AD,_Pario_marble_-_Museo_Gregoriano_Egizio_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00818.jpg){kind=link}
