Английская Википедия:Apocope
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Sound change In phonology, apocope (Шаблон:IPAc-enШаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn) is the loss (elision) of a word-final vowel. In a broader sense, it can refer to the loss of any final sound (including consonants) from a word.[1]
Etymology
Apocope comes from the Greek Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) from Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) "cutting off", from Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) "away from" and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) "to cut".
Historical sound change
In historical linguistics, apocope is often the loss of an unstressed vowel.
Loss of an unstressed vowel or vowel and nasal
- Latin Шаблон:Lang → Portuguese Шаблон:Lang (sea)
- Vulgar Latin Шаблон:Lang → Spanish Шаблон:Lang (bread)
- Vulgar Latin Шаблон:Lang → French Шаблон:Lang (wolf)
- Proto-Germanic Шаблон:Wikt-lang → Old, Middle, and Modern English land
- Old English Шаблон:Wikt-lang → Modern English love (noun)
- Old English Шаблон:Wikt-lang → Modern English love (verb)
- The loss of a final unstressed vowel is a feature of southern dialects of Māori in comparison to standard Māori, for example the term kainga (village) is rendered in southern Māori as kaik. A similar feature is seen in the dialects of Northern Italy.
Loss of other sounds
- Non-rhotic English accents, including British Received Pronunciation, suppress the final r in each syllable (except when it is followed by a vowel). (In most accents, the suppressed r lengthens or modifies the preceding vowel.)
- French pronunciation suppresses the final consonant of most words (but it is normally pronounced as a liaison at the beginning of the following word in the sentence if the latter word begins with a vowel or with an unaspirated 'h').
- Latin Шаблон:Lang → Spanish Шаблон:Lang
Case marker
In Estonian and the Sami languages, apocopes explain the forms of grammatical cases. For example, a nominative is described as having apocope of the final vowel, but the genitive does not have it. Throughout its history, however, the genitive case marker has also undergone apocope: Estonian Шаблон:Lang ("a city") and Шаблон:Lang ("of a city") are derived from Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang respectively, as can still be seen in the corresponding Finnish word.
In the genitive form, the final Шаблон:IPA, while it was being deleted, blocked the loss of Шаблон:IPA. In Colloquial Finnish, the final vowel is sometimes omitted from case markers.
Grammatical rule
Some languages have apocopations that are internalized as mandatory forms. In Spanish and Italian, for example, some adjectives that come before the noun lose the final vowel or syllable if they precede a noun (mainly) in the masculine singular form. In Spanish, some adverbs and cardinal and ordinal numbers have apocopations as well.
- Adjectives
- Шаблон:Lang ("big, great") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang (feminine) ("great woman". However, if the adjective follows the noun, the final syllable remains, but the meaning may also change: Шаблон:Lang, meaning "large woman")
- Шаблон:Lang ("good") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang (masculine) ("good man"; the final vowel remains in Шаблон:Lang, with no accompanying change in meaning)
- Adverbs
- Шаблон:Lang ("so much") → Шаблон:Lang ("so") → Шаблон:Lang ("so beautiful")
- Cardinal numbers
- Шаблон:Lang ("one, a, an") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang ("a child")
- Шаблон:Lang ("hundred") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang ("One hundred years of solitude")
- Ordinal numbers
- Шаблон:Lang ("first") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang ("first prize")
- Шаблон:Lang ("third") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang ("third place")
- Шаблон:Lang ("final") → Шаблон:Lang → Шаблон:Lang ("final day")
See also
- Abbreviation
- Acronym and initialism
- Apheresis (linguistics)
- Clipping (morphology)
- Contraction (grammar)
- Elision
- Syncope (phonetics)
References
- Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
External links
