Английская Википедия:Apostasy in Judaism
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Criticism of Judaism
Apostasy in Judaism is the rejection of Judaism and possible conversion to another religion by a Jew.[1] The term apostasy is derived from Шаблон:Lang-grc, meaning "rebellious"[2] (Шаблон:Lang-he.[3]) Equivalent expressions for apostate in Hebrew that are used by rabbinical scholars include mumar (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, literally "one who is changed" [out of their faith]), poshea Yisrael (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, literally, "transgressor of Israel"), and kofer (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, literally "denier").[3] Similar terms are meshumad (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew, lit. "destroyed one"), and min (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew) or Epikoros (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), which denote heresy and the negation of God and Judaism, implying atheism.[3]
Classes of apostates and relevance
A mumar is someone who does not observe a certain mitzvah or who doesn't observe any mitzvot at all. Rabbinic categories differentiate between a mumar ledavar echad (מומר לדבר אחד) who doesn't observe a certain mitzvah, and a mumar lekhol hatorah kulah (מומר לכל התורה כולה) who doesn't observe any of the Torah. Likewise they differentiate between a mumar l'teyavon (מומר לתיאבון) who transgresses mitzvah(s) wantonly due to craving (teyavon) or convenience, versus a mumar l'hakh`is (מומר להכעיס) meaning one who transgresses out of spite, who defies the mitzvah willfully.[4]
Some halakhic aspects of this status include: a mumar is treated as a gentile in regard to commerce; it is forbidden to cause them to stumble into doing something forbidden; regarding matrimony, ritual purity, and inheritance (with some exceptions) they are an Israelite; the sages prescribed no mourning for a mumar.[5]
However today another category, tinok shenishba ("captured infant"), a Jew who sins as a result of having been raised without sufficient knowledge and understanding of Judaism, is widely applied and should be considered.Шаблон:Cn
Examples
In the Bible
The first recorded reference to apostasy from Judaism is in Шаблон:Bibleverse, which states: Шаблон:Blockquote
In the Talmud
In the Talmud, Elisha ben Abuyah (referred to as Acher, the "Other One") is singled out as an apostate by the rabbis.[6]
Medieval Spain
In Medieval Spain, a systematic conversion of Jews to Christianity took place, largely under threats and force.[7] The apostasy of these conversos provoked the indignation of some Jews in Spain and it was made illegal to call a converso by the epithet tornadizo (renegade).[8]
Several inquisitors of the Spanish Inquisition, such as Tomás de Torquemada and Francisco de Quiñones the Bishop of Coria, are thought to be descendants of apostate Jews. Known apostates who made their mark in history by attempting to convert other Jews in the 14th and 15th centuries include Juan de Valladolid and Astruc Remoch.Шаблон:Cn
Some Spanish Jews, however, remained crypto-Jews despite being compelled to convert to Christianity (see Anusim). They are also called Marranos.[9]
Sabbatai Zevi and Jacob Frank
In 1648 Sabbatai Zevi claimed to be the Jewish Messiah. His Jewish followers were known as Sabbateans. Zevi converted to Islam in 1666. Afterwards, some of his followers willingly converted but continued to practise Sabbatean rituals. These people became known as the Dönmeh.[10]
In the 1750s Jacob Frank claimed he was the reincarnation of Zevi and attracted many followers in Poland, known as Frankists.[11] In 1759, with Frank's encouragement, more than 500 Frankists were baptized as Catholics. Frank himself was also baptized, with the King of Poland as his godfather.[11]
See also
- Conversion of Jews to Islam
- History of Jewish conversion to Christianity
- Heresy in Judaism
- Humanistic Judaism
- Jewish atheism
- Jewish Buddhist
- Jewish schisms
- Jewish secularism
- List of converts to Christianity from Judaism
- List of Jewish atheists and agnostics
- Messianic Judaism
- Off the derech
- Religious disaffiliation
- Self-hating Jew
- Zera Yisrael
Notes and references
External links
- ↑ Apostasy is defined as "renunciation of a religious faith".
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource
- ↑ Figures of Conversion: The Jewish Question and English National Identity, Michael Ragussis, Duke University Press, 1995, p. 128, Quote: "The persecutions of the Jews that dominated fifteenth-century Spain, including the forced conversion of masses of Spanish Jews"
- ↑ A Social and Religious History of the Jews, Salo Wittmayer Baron, Columbia University Press
- ↑ Joseph Jacobs and Meyer Kayserling. "Marano." Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
- ↑ God-Optional Judaism: Alternatives for Cultural Jews Who Love Their History Judith Seid, Published 2001, Citadel Press: Quote: "Sabbatai Zevi converted to Islam under threat of death"
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Wendy Doniger, p. 358, Published by Merriam-Webster
