Английская Википедия:Approximate measures
Шаблон:Short description Approximate measures are units of volumetric measurement which are not defined by a government or government-sanctioned organization, or which were previously defined and are now repealed, yet which remain in use.[1][2][3]
It may be that all English-unit derived capacity measurements are derived from one original approximate measurement: the mouthful, consisting of about Шаблон:Frac ounce, called the ro in ancient Egypt (their smallest recognized unit of capacity).[4][5] The mouthful was still a unit of liquid measure during Elizabethan times.[6] (The principal Egyptian standards from small to large were the ro, hin, hekat, and khar.)[7]
Because of the lack of official definitions, many of these units will not have a consistent value.
United Kingdom
- glass-tumbler
- breakfast-cup
- tea-cup
- wine-glass
- table-spoon
- dessert-spoon
- tea-spoon
- black-jack
- demijohn (dame-jeanne)
- goblet
- pitcher
- gyllot (about equal to 1/2 gill)
- noggin (1/4 pint)[8]
- nipperkin (measure for liquor, containing no more than 1/2 pint)
- tumblerful (10 fl oz or 2 gills or 2 teacupsful)
- apothecaries' approximate measures[9]
- teacupful (5 fl oz, or 1 gill ibid)
- wineglassful (2-1/2 fl oz or 1/2 gill or 1/2 teacupful or 1/4 tumblerful)
- dessertspoonful (1/4 fl oz or 2 fl dr and equal to 2 teaspoonful or 1/2 tablespoonful)
- teaspoonful (1/8 fl oz or 1 fl dr and also equal to 1/2 dessertspoonful or 1/4 tablespoonful)
United States
The vagueness of how these measures have been defined, redefined, and undefined over the years, both through written and oral history, is best exemplified by the large number of sources that need to be read and cross-referenced in order to paint even a reasonably accurate picture. So far, the list includes the United States Pharmacopoeia,[10][11][12] U.S. FDA,[13] NIST,[14][15][16] A Manual of Weights, Measures, and Specific Gravity,[17] State Board Questions and Answers,[18] MediCalc,[19] MacKenzie's Ten Thousand Receipts,[20] Approximate Practical Equivalents,[21] When is a Cup not a Cup?,[22] Cook's Info,[23] knitting-and.com.,[24] and Modern American Drinks.[25]
Dashes, pinches, and smidgens are all traditionally very small amounts well under a teaspoon, but not more uniformly defined. In the early 2000s some companies began selling measuring spoons that defined a dash as Шаблон:Frac teaspoon, a pinch as Шаблон:Frac teaspoon, and a smidgen as Шаблон:Frac teaspoon.[26][27] Based on these spoons, there are two smidgens in a pinch and two pinches in a dash. However, the 1954 Angostura “Professional Mixing Guide” states that “a dash” is 1/6th of a teaspoon, or 1/48 of an ounce, and Victor Bergeron (a.k.a. Trader Vic, famous saloonkeeper), said that for bitters it was Шаблон:Frac teaspoon, but Шаблон:Frac fl oz for all other liquids.[28]
| Fluid Measures | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | Abbrev. | Definition 1 (c. 1885) |
Definition 2 (c. 1905) |
Definition 3 (c. 1975) |
Definition 4 (c. 2015) |
Traditional Binary Submultiple Fl. Oz. |
Binary Submultiples |
| hint | Шаблон:Frac tsp[29] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 hints = 1 drop | ||||
| drop | dr., gt., gtt. | Шаблон:Frac to 1Шаблон:Frac minim or 5 centigrams[10] | Шаблон:Frac tsp[30] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 drops = 1 smidgen | ||
| smidgen | smdg.,[25]Шаблон:Rp smi. | Шаблон:Frac tsp | Шаблон:Frac | 2 smidgens = 1 pinch | |||
| pinch | pn. | Шаблон:Frac tsp | Шаблон:Frac tsp | Шаблон:Frac | 2 pinches = 1 dash | ||
| dash | ds. | Шаблон:Frac tsp | Шаблон:Frac | 2 dashes = 1 saltspoon | |||
| saltspoon (scruple-spoon,[25]Шаблон:Rp tad[30]) |
ssp.,[31][32] sp.,[32] scrsp.[25]Шаблон:Rp | Шаблон:Frac tsp[23] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 saltspoons = 1 coffeespoon | |||
| coffeespoon (barspoon) |
bsp.[33] | Шаблон:Frac tsp[23] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 coffeespoons = 1 teaspoon | |||
| teaspoon (kitchen spoon, splash) |
tsp. or t. | 1 fluid dram or 5 mL[10] most common size: 80 minims or 3 mL [17] |
1 fluidrachm or 4 mL,[11] or 3.75 mL[18] (actual range: 4.6–5.5 mL [12]) |
Шаблон:Frac tablespoon or Шаблон:Frac fl oz | 1 fl dram or 5 mL,[13] Шаблон:Frac fl oz,[15] 1Шаблон:Frac fl dr | Шаблон:Frac | 2 teaspoons = 1 dessertspoon |
| dessertspoon | dsp., dssp. or dstspn. | 2 fluid drams or 10 mL[10] most common size: 2 Шаблон:Frac fl dr or 10 mL [17] |
2 fluidrachm or 8 mL,[11] or 7.5 mL[18] (actual range: 8.4–10.4 mL [12]) |
2 fl dram or 8 mL[13] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 dessertspoons = 1 tablespoon | |
| tablespoon (mouthful) | tbsp. or T., rarely tbls. | Шаблон:Frac fluid ounce or 20 mL[10] most common size: 5 fl dr or 20 mL [17] |
4 fluidrachm or 16 mL,[11] or 15 mL[18] (actual range: 12.8–15.6 mL [12]) |
1/2 fl oz or 15 mL[13][15] | Шаблон:Frac | 2 tablespoons = 1 handful | |
| handful (fluid ounce, finger) |
m. (for manipulus)[34] | 1 fl oz[35][36][37] | 1 | 2 handfuls = 1 wineglass | |||
| wineglass (glassful) |
wgf.,[19] | 2 fluid ounces or 60 mL,[10] w-gl.[25]Шаблон:Rp | 2 | 2 wineglasses = 1 teacup | |||
| teacup | tcf.[19] | 4 fluid ounces[10] | 4 | 2 teacups = 1 coffeecup | |||
| coffeecup (tumbler, kitchencup) |
8 fluid ounces[15] | 8 | 2 coffeecups = 1 jug | ||||
| jug (pint) |
16 | 2 jugfuls = 1 pitcher | |||||
| pitcher (quart) |
ptch. | 32 | 2 pitchers = 1 pottle | ||||
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 10,6 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
