Английская Википедия:April Nowell

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April Nowell (born 1969) is a Paleolithic archaeologist, Professor of Anthropology and Distinguished Lansdowne Fellow at the University of Victoria, Canada. Her research team works on international projects in areas including Jordan, Australia, France, and South Africa.

Nowell's areas of study include Neanderthal lifeways; the archaeology of childhood; the origins of art, symbol use, and language; the development of human cognition and behavior; and the historical development of archaeological theories. Her book Growing Up in the Ice Age (2021) won the 2023 European Archaeological Association Book Prize.

Early life and education

Nowell grew up in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She received a BA from McGill University and did her first field work in Old Montreal. She later worked on sites in Belize, the Canadian Arctic, Ontario, France and Spain.

Nowell earned her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. Her dissertation examined The archaeology of mind: Standardization and symmetry in lithics and their implications for the study of the evolution of the human mind. (2000).

Career

Nowell is a Professor of Anthropology and Distinguished Lansdowne Fellow at the University of Victoria, Canada. Nowell leads an international research team and collaborates on multiple projects worldwide. Her areas of study include Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites in Jordan, cave art in Australia and France, and ostrich eggshell beads in South Africa.

Nowell has challenged accepted beliefs about hominin artworks, suggesting that not only Homo sapiens but also Neanderthals and Denisovans may have created cave art much earlier than previously believed. In a 2011 study, Nowell and Genevieve von Petzinger unraveled the chain of attributions through which experts on cave art had dated artworks to specific ages. They found that very few artworks had been independently dated based on physical evidence using techniques like radiocarbon dating. More often, estimates of dates of one artwork were based on others, resulting in circular chains of attribution.

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Negative hand, Caves of Gargas, France

Nowell and von Petzinger have also created a database of symbols from more than 200 cave walls in France and Spain, such as Rouffignac, Chauvet and Lascaux. The symbols tended to be ignored next to the caves' vibrant paintings of animals. Documenting their location, time, and relationship to other markings led to the identification of twenty-six specific repeated signs. These included basic shapes like triangles, squares, full circles, semicircles, open angles, crosses and grouped dots, and more complex drawings of negative hands, finger flutings, branch-like penniforms, and hut-like tectiforms. Dating suggests that some signs originally appeared as truncated images of animals, and eventually became symbolic representations of concepts. Surprisingly, symbols often appeared in specific clusters, which were repeated in different caves, such as the combination of a negative hand with finger fluting. Nowell has cautioned: "This is not writing as we know it or language as we understand it. However, in these caves we are looking at the patterning of symbols" substantially predating the first occurrence of writing by 25,000 years.

In Jordan, Nowell's team has worked at the Azraq Basin, an area Шаблон:Convert east of Amman that was once a wetland oasis, but is now a desert. They have recovered 10,000 well-preserved Middle Pleistocene stone tools, some of which they have examined for traces of protein residue using crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). In 2016, they identified 17 of the stone tools as having identifiable traces of blood: the earliest that have been found. They showed that at least 250,000 years ago, early humans caught and ate animals ranging from duck to rhinoceros. Time Magazine listed the blood residue work among its top 100 discoveries.

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Examples of ostrich eggshell beads found in archaeological contexts in Africa.

In South Africa, Nowell has worked with Benjamin Collins and others on the study of both finished ostrich eggshell beads and OES fragments. Studying fragments has enabled researchers to examine patterns of manufacture and trading of beads among social groups through time. At Grassridge Rockshelter in the Eastern Cape, they have identified both ostrich eggshell beads at all stages of manufacture, and marine shell beads. Since Grassridge is at least Шаблон:Convert from the coast, this supports the idea that extensive social networks existed during the southern Africa Holocene.

In her examinations of archaeological evidence and visual material culture, Nowell emphasizes the importance of social interaction within communities. She has documented the lives of children, who were present alongside adults during many activities, as shown by evidence from Palaeolithic caves in Europe. Examinations of the archaeological record have typically studied adults rather than children. Nowell's work has challenged the invisibility of children in the Paleolithic archaeological record and filled a significant gap in physical and behavioral anthropology.

Nowell's book Growing Up in the Ice Age has been described as both "illuminating and engaging" and "carefully written and impeccably researched". Nowell's examination of Plio-Pleistocene childhood was awarded the 2023 European Archaeological Association Book Prize. The Association stated: "A socially inclusive emphasis on dynamic and diverse childhoods, in which children are seen to have been active social and economic agents, is successfully combined with a wider evolutionary perspective, showing how childcare and socialisation affected the longer trajectory of the human species."

Nowell appears in the NOVA series Ancient Earth (episode 5) and the CBC documentary Little Sapiens.

Awards and honors

• 2023, Distinguished Lansdowne Fellow, University of Victoria, "given to an established researcher in recognition of outstanding, internationally recognized contributions to scholarship in their area of expertise".
• 2023, European Archaeological Association Book Prize, for Growing Up in the Ice Age (2021)

Selected publications

Books

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Papers

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