Английская Википедия:Apusomonadidae

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

The apusomonads (family Apusomonadidae) are a group of protozoan zooflagellates that glide on surfaces, and mostly consume prokaryotes. They are of particular evolutionary interest because they appear to be the sister group to the Opisthokonts, the clade that includes both animals and fungi. Together with the Breviatea, these form the Obazoa clade.[1][2][3]

Characteristics

Apusomonads are small gliding heterotrophic biflagellates (i.e. with two flagella) that possess a proboscis, formed partly or entirely by the anterior flagellum surrounded by a membranous sleeve. There is a pellicle under the dorsal cell membrane that extends into the proboscis sleeve and into a skirt that covers the sides of the cell. Apusomonads present two different cell plans:[4]

  • Derived cell plan, represented by Apusomonas, with a round cell body and a mastigophore, a projection of the cell containing both basal bodies at its end.[4]
  • "Amastigomonas-like" cell plan, with an oval or oblong cell that generally forms pseudopodia from the ventral surface, with no mastigophore, and the proboscis comprising solely the flagellum and the sleeve. These characteristics are considered 'primitive' or 'ancestral' in comparison with Apusomonas. Organisms with this body plan, although historically assigned to the same genus Amastigomonas, are a paraphyletic group from which Apusomonas has evolved.[4][5]

Evolution

External relationships

The apusomonads are the sister group to Opisthokonta, the lineage that includes animals, fungi and an array of related protists. Because of this, apusomonads occupy an important phylogenetic position to understand eukaryotic evolution. They retain ancestral characteristics, such as the biflagellate body plan, which in opisthokonts evolves into a uniflagellate plan.[5]

Apusomonads are vital to understanding multicellularity. Genes involved in multicellularity have been found in the apusomonad Thecamonas,[6] such as adhesion proteins, calcium-signaling genes and types of sodium channels characteristic of animals.[4] The genome of the strain "Amastigomonas sp." presents the integrin-mediated adhesion machinery, the primary cell-matrix adhesion mechanism seen in Metazoa (animals).[7]

Шаблон:Clade

Internal relationships

Apusomonads are a poorly and narrowly studied group.[4] Currently, the diversity of described apusomonads consists of the round Apusomonas and a wide array of "Amastigomonas-type" organisms that have been reclassified into the genera Thecamonas, Manchomonas, Podomonas, Multimonas, Chelonemonas and, most recently, Catacumbia, Cavaliersmithia, Karpovia, Mylnikovia and Singekia. The relationships between these genera are depicted by the cladogram below.[5]

Шаблон:Clade

Taxonomy

History

Apusomonads were first described in 1989 as one family Apusomonadidae inside the monotypic order Apusomonadida, as a group of flagellates containing the genera Apusomonas and Amastigomonas.[8] Later, British protozoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith classified them within the monotypic class Thecomonadea as part of the paraphyletic phylum Apusozoa.[9] Modern cladistic approaches to eukaryotic classification refer to apusomonads by their order-level name alone.[5][10]

Classification

There are 10 recognized genera, as well as the "Amastigomonas-like" archetype that includes primitive forms not yet transferred to new genera.[5]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wikispecies Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Eukaryota

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок pmid20537943 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Brown et al. 2013 не указан текст
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Eme et al. 2014 не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Expanding Apusomonadida не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ancient origin integrin adhesion не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Integrin mediated adhesion complex не указан текст
  8. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 не указан текст
  9. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Cavalier-Smith et al. 2013 не указан текст
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Podomonas kaiyoae не указан текст
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