Английская Википедия:Aquamarine (gem)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox mineral
Aquamarine is a pale-blue to light-green variety of beryl.[1] The color of aquamarine can be changed by heat (though this practice is frowned upon by collectors).[2]
Aquamarine has a chemical composition of Шаблон:Chem2,[3] also containing Fe2+.[4] It has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale.[5] While aquamarine often contains no inclusions,[6] it can have them, noticeable or not, composed of content such as mica, hematite, or saltwater.[7]
Aquamarine is a common gemstone.[8] However, there is a rarer deep blue variant called maxixe,[6] but its color can fade due to sunlight.[9] The color of maxixe is caused by NO3.[10] Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy radiation (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).[11]
Name and etymology
The name aquamarine comes from Шаблон:Langnf, and marine, deriving from Шаблон:Langnf.[12] The word aquamarine was first used in the year 1677.[13]
The word aquamarine has been used as a modifier for other minerals like aquamarine tourmaline, aquamarine emerald, aquamarine chrysolite, aquamarine sapphire, or aquamarine topaz.[7]
Value
The value of aquamarine is determined by its weight, colour,[3] cut, and clarity.[14] Due to its relative abundance, aquamarine is comparatively less expensive than other gemstones within the beryl group, such as emerald or bixbite (red beryl) but is typically more expensive than similarly coloured gemstones such as blue topaz.[6][8] Naturally occurring blue hued aquamarine specimens are more expensive than those that have undergone heat treatment to reduce yellow tones caused by ferric iron.[8] Cut aquamarines that are over 25 carats will have a lower price per carat than smaller ones of the same quality.[15]
In culture
Aquamarine is the birth stone for the month of March.[3] It has historically been used a symbol for youth and happiness due to its color, which has also, along with its name, made Western culture connect it with the ocean.[16][15] Ancient Romans believed that aquamarine could protect people who are travelling across the sea;[17] they also used aquamarine to prevent illnesses.
The Chinese used it to make seals, figurines, and engravingsШаблон:Citation needed. The Japanese used it to make netsuke.[18]
Aquamarine became a state gem for Colorado in 1971.[19]
Occurrence
Aquamarine can be found in countries like Afghanistan, China, Kenya, Pakistan, Russia, Mozambique, the United States,[20] Brazil, Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Tanzania, Sri Lanka,[21] Malawi, India,[3] Zimbabwe, Australia, Myanmar, and Namibia.[22] The state of Minas Gerais is a major source for aquamarine.[8]
Aquamarine can mostly be found in granite pegmatites.[8] It can also be found in veins of metamorphic rocks that became mineralized by hydrothermal activity.[3]
Notable examples
| Aquamarine | Origin | Size | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dom Pedro aquamarine[23] | Mined in 1980 in Brazil.[24] | 10,363 carats | National Museum of Natural History, Washington[25][26] |
| The Roosevelt Aquamarine[27] | Given to Eleanor Roosevelt in 1936. | 6,500 carats | Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum |
| The Hirsch Aquamarine | Once owned by Louis XV. | 109.92 carats |
See also
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
