Английская Википедия:Arab Indonesians

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Use American English Arab Indonesians (Шаблон:Lang-ar) or, colloquially known as Jama'ah,[1] and until the 20th century was also called Codjas or Kodjas,[2][3] are Indonesian citizens of mixed Arab – mainly Hadhrami – and Indonesian descent. The ethnic group generally also includes those of Arab descent from other Middle Eastern Arabic speaking nations. Restricted under Dutch East Indies law until 1919, the community elites later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading. Currently found mainly in Java, especially West Java and East Java, they are almost all Muslims.[4]

The official number of Arab and part-Arab descent in Indonesia was recorded since 19th century. The census of 1870 recorded a total of 12,412 Arab Indonesians (7,495 living in Java and Madura and the rest in other islands). By 1900, the total number of Arabs citizens increased to 27,399, then 44,902 by 1920, and 71,335 by 1930.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world prior to the emergence of Islam in Indonesia as well as since pre-Islamic times. The earliest Arabs to arrive in Indonesia were traders who came from Southern Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[5] Arab traders helped bring the spices of Indonesia, such as nutmeg, to Europe as early as the 8th century.[6] However, Arab settlements mostly began only in the early Islamic era.[7][8] These traders helped to connect the spice and silk markets of South East Asia and far east Asia with the Arabian kingdoms, Persian Empire and the Roman Empire. Some later founded dynasties, including the Sultanate of Pontianak, while others intermingled with existing kingdoms. These early communities adopted much of the local culture, and some disappeared entirely while others formed ethnically distinct communities.Шаблон:Sfn

More Arabs visited Malay Archipelago when Islam began to spread. Islam was brought to the region directly from Arabia (as well as Persia and Gujarat), first to Aceh.[9] One of travelers who had visited Indonesia was the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who visited Samudra Pasai in 1345-1346 CE. According to Muslim Chinese writer Ma Huan who visited north coast of Java in 1413–15, he noted three kinds of people there: Chinese, local people and Muslims from foreign kingdoms in the West (Mideast) who have migrated to the country as merchants.[7]

Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Arabische winkel op Java TMnr 60027054.jpg
An Arab store in Java circa 1910–1930

Modern Arab Indonesians are generally descended of Hadhrami immigrants,[10] although there are also communities coming from Arabs of Egypt, Sudan, Oman, and Arab States of the Persian Gulf area as well as non-Arab Muslims from Turkey or Iran. The Arabs and some of non-Arabs arrived during the Ottoman expedition to Aceh, which consisted of Egyptians, Swahili, Somalis from Mogadishu, and Indians from various cities, and states. They were generally from upper strata and classified as "foreign orientals" (Vreemde Oosterlingen) along with Chinese Indonesians by the Dutch colonists, which led to them being unable to attend certain schools and restricted from travelling, and having to settle in special Arab districts, or Kampung Arab. These laws were repealed in 1919.Шаблон:Sfn As liaison and to lead the community, the Dutch government appointed some Kapitan Arabs in the districts.

The community elites began to build economic power through trade and real estate acquisition, buying large amounts of real estate in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), Singapore and other parts of the archipelago. Through charity work and "conspicuous consumption", they built and protected their social capital; eventually, some Arab Indonesians joined the Volksraad, the people's council of the Dutch East Indies.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Indonesian National Awakening, an Indonesian nationalist movement, Persatuan Arab Indonesia, founded by Abdurrahman Baswedan in 1934, promoted the idea of gradual cultural assimilation of Arab Indonesians into wider Indonesian society, which Baswedan referred to as "cultural reorientation".Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Ampel Moskee aan het einde van een winkelstraat in de Arabische wijk van Soerabaja TMnr 60037908.jpg
The Ampel Mosque at the end of a shopping street in the Arab quarter of Surabaya, January 14, 1927
Файл:Gede-gede jaman dulu - hires.jpg
Women of Hadhrami descent in Palembang in 1940s

Identity

First generation immigrants are referred to as wulayātī or totok. They are a small minority of the Arab Indonesian population. The majority, muwallad, were born in Indonesia and may be of mixed heritage.Шаблон:Sfn

Because of the lack of information, a few Indonesian scholars have mistaken the Arabs of Indonesia as Wahhabi agents, as Azyumardi Azra depicts Indonesians of Arab descent as wishing to purge Indonesian Islam of its indigenous religious elements. Indonesian critics of Arab influence in Indonesia point to the founding of the radical group Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and leadership of Laskar Jihad (LJ) and Front Pembela Islam by Indonesian Arabs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Distribution

The majority of Arab Indonesians live in Java and Madura, usually in cities or relatively big towns such as Jakarta, Pekalongan, Cirebon, Surakarta, Kudus, Gresik, or Surabaya. A sizeable population is also found in Sumatra (primarily in Palembang, and some in West Sumatra, North Sumatra, Riau, and Aceh),Шаблон:Sfn Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku. The earliest census figures that indicate the number of Hadhramis living in Dutch East Indies date from 1859, when it was found that there were 4,992 Arab Indonesians living in Java and Madura.[11] The census of 1870 recorded a total of 12,412 Arab Indonesians (7,495 living in Java and Madura and the rest in other islands). In 1900, total number of Arab population 27,399, 44,902 in 1920, and 71,335 in 1930.[11] Census data shows 87,066 people in 2000, and 87,227 people in 2005, who identified themselves as being of Arab ethnicity, representing 0.040% of the population.Шаблон:Sfn The number of Indonesians with partial Arab ancestry, who do not identify as Arab, is unknown. It has been speculated to be several million.[12]

Religion

Four parallel bar graphs, with the one second from right having a much larger blue bar than others
Arab Indonesians (second from right) had a higher proportion of Muslims than other ethnic groups.

Arab Indonesians are almost all Muslim; according to the 2000 census.Шаблон:Cn Historically, most have lived in so called Kauman villages, in the areas around mosques, but this has changed in recent years.Шаблон:Sfn The majority are Sunni, following the Shafi'i school of Islamic law with Ba 'Alawi sada families usually follow Ba 'Alawiyya tariqa.Шаблон:Sfn

The Islam practiced by Arab Indonesians tends to be more orthodox than the local, indigenous-influenced forms like abangan who do not follow some of the more restrictive Islamic practices. Children are generally sent to madrasahs,Шаблон:Sfn but many later advance their education to secular schools.

Traditions

Music

Gambus is a popular musical genre among Arab-Indonesians, usually during weddings or other special events. The music is played by a music ensemble consisting of Lute, violins, Marawis, Dumbuk, Bongo drum, Tambourine, Suling (Indonesian version of Ney),[13] and sometimes accompanied with Accordion, Electronic keyboard, Electric guitars, even drum kit. The Lute (Gambus) player (commonly called Muthrib) usually sings while playing the Lute. The music is very similar to Yemeni music with lyrics mainly in Arabic, similar to Khaliji music, where the rhythm is categorized as either Dahife, Sarh or Zafin.[14] In the events, sometimes male-only dancers go to the middle in a group of two or three persons and each group takes turn in the middle of the song being played.

Cuisine

Шаблон:Main Just like the Chinese and the Indians, the Arabs also brought their own culinary traditions as well as cuisine to Indonesia.

The influence of Hadhrami immigrants in the Indonesian cuisine can be seen in the presence of Yemeni cuisine in Indonesia, such as Nasi kebuli, Mandi rice, Ka'ak cookie,[15] Murtabak, or lamb Maraq (lamb soup or stew).[16][17]

Ancestry

As common among Middle-Eastern societies, genealogies are mainly patrilineal.Шаблон:Sfn Patrilinearity is even stronger in Sayyid families, where an offspring of non-Hadhrami man and Hadhrami woman is not considered a Sayyid.[13] Many of the Hadhrami migrants came from places in Hadhramaut, such as Seiyun, Tarim, Mukalla, Shibam, Mukalla or other places in Hadhramaut.

DNA

Very few researches and DNA samples, if any, have been done on Arab-Indonesians. It has been guessed that the DNA haplogroups found among Arab Indonesians are J, L and R[18] with higher possibility of J-M267 traces.[19] Haplogroup G-PF3296 is also common, especially among descents of Sayyids of Hadhramaut.[20] It is predicted the presence of mtDNA R9 haplogroups among Arab Indonesians due to mixed marriage between Indonesians and Yemenis.

Notable Arab Indonesians

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Gubernur Anies.jpg
Anies Baswedan, former governor of Jakarta
Файл:Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak.jpg
Syarif Hamid Alkadrie, Arab-Indonesian Sultan of Pontianak in Borneo, 1950.

See also

Gallery

References

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Indonesia Шаблон:Arab diaspora

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

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