Английская Википедия:Arbanasi people

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Arbanasi (Arbanasi: Шаблон:Lang)[1] is an ethnic community in and around the city of Zadar region in northern Dalmatia region of Croatia who are of Albanian ethnic origin. They are traditional speakers of the Arbanasi dialect of Gheg Albanian.[2] Their name is an obsolete way to say Albanians in Croatian and is the toponymy of the first Arbanasi settlement in the region, which today is a suburb of Zadar.[3] In Albanian literature, they are known as "Albanians of Zadar" (Шаблон:Lang).

Distribution

Today, the community is spread across Croatia. Their original settlements were Arbanasi of Zadar and some villages around Zadar, namely Zemunik, Gračac, Dračevac, Crno, Ploča, etc.[3] The former village derived its name from its founders, the Albanians. The Arbanasi are known to have settled the area during two different periods of migration; the first in 1655 and the second in 1726–33.

History

18th century migration and resettlement

Arbanasi (Шаблон:Lang) is the old ethnonym that the South Slavs used to denote Albanians, dating back to the Middle Ages.[4]Шаблон:Fcn[5]Шаблон:FcnШаблон:Efn-uaШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn The ancestors of Arbanasi people are Catholic Albanians who originated from the villages of Briska (Brisk), Šestan (Shestan), Livari (Ljare), and Podi (Pod) located in Skadarska Krajina (Шаблон:Lang-sq) region, then part of the Muslim ruled Ottoman Empire (now modern southern Montenegro).[6]Шаблон:Sfn They fled to avoid circumstances of military service and to due to religious discrimination or conversion to Islam.[6][7] Every one of the inhabitants of the village of Pod had left for migration in 1726, leaving the village completely abandoned. Ruins of old houses can still be found in the area today. Шаблон:Sfn They originated from the hinterland, demonstrated by the names of fish coming from Croatian.[3] This population migrated into what is today Croatia in two different periods,[3] first in 1655 to Pula, Istria[8]Шаблон:Better source needed and then 1726–1727 and 1733, to the Zadar area, supported and planned by Archbishop of Zara Vicko Zmajević and the Venetian republic to repopulate the countryside and hinterland of Zadar.Шаблон:Sfn

The first migration to Zadar was mentioned on March 23, 1726, when first arrivals who numbered around 56 individuals, and afterwards another 28 families, were temporarily settled in Kaštel Novi, today Herceg Novi. It is consideredШаблон:By whom that they arrived in Zadar in the summer, in July. The group was guided by two brothers of the Pretani family, and the following people are mentioned:Шаблон:Citation needed Шаблон:Columns-list

The second migration to Zadar was in 1733, and in the document from March 11, 1735, can be seen another 28 families and some members: Шаблон:Columns-list

They bore surnames: Шаблон:Columns-list As well, there were three Montenegrin families: Zanković, Popović, and Škopelja.[9] Other surnames are Dešpalj, Kalmeta, Karuc (Karuz), Kotlar, Jelenković, Jović, Perović, Vukić, and Ćurković.[10]

Around the same time, Chakavian-speaking families from Kukljica, Ugljan, and Zadar hinterland, settled among the Arbanasi, and included:[9][10] Шаблон:Hlist

These eventually integrated into the Arbanasi community to the extent that they are now considered real Arbanasi.[9][10] Their church, Saint Mary of Loreto, was built from 1734, and founded in 1737.[10]

All these groups were integrated into the social and economic sphere of Venetian Dalmatia, but they preserved their language, customs and songs. The Arbanasi settled on the outskirts of Zadar on lands provided by Venetian landowner Erizzo.[6] First, the Albanian community worked to claim the marshy areas near their settlement (Arbanasi), which was originally an island now connected to the mainland, and then got the leasing right of cultivation of the land.Шаблон:When The Venetian government took charge of construction of many homes and, at first, even meals.[11][12][13] Other Arbanasi settled in the neighbouring villages of Ćurkovići, Paleke, Prenđe and Šestani, as well in the towns of Kotor, Dubrovnik and Zemunik.[6] All other Arbanasi were assimilated, except in Zadar where a settlement formed that they called Arbënesh (for the Italians Borgo Erizzo, for the Croats Varoš Eričina), later becoming known in all local languages as Arbanasi.[14]

19th and 20th century

The survival of the language was due to factors involving generational transmission of Arbanasi Albanian through oral traditions of reciting folktales in social gatherings, awareness of linguistic differences from Croatian speakers and teaching the language to non-Arbanasi spouses in cases of marriage.[14] In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Dalmatia was under Hapsburg rule. The establishment of a primary school in 1896 resulted in some Arbanasi receiving a mainly Italian-language education with some Croatian and two weekly lessons in Arbanasi Albanian.[14] Another primary school existed teaching mostly in Croatian and in 1901, it made learning Arbanasi Albanian obligatory for students who had it as a mother tongue.[14] In 1910, Giacomo Vuxani and Arbanasi promoted and organised the Italo-Albanian Association in Zadar.[11][12][13]

During the early to mid twentieth century, Arbanasi were divided along national lines and people in the community self identified either as Italians or Croats.[15][14] After World War One, Zadar became part of Italy and during the interwar period, Arbanasi Albanian was at first tolerated and in later years banned from being spoken and taught in school.[14] Following the Second World War, many Arbanasi people from village of Arbanasi who self identified as ethnically Italian emigrated to Italy, or made by communist authorities to forcefully leave following the Yugoslav takeover of Zadar.[13][14] In Yugoslavia, Arbanasi Albanian was not taught by the school system.[14] Contact between Arbanasi and Albanians was nonexistent from the eighteenth century until the late nineteenth century.[14] From the mid twentieth century onward, as the region was part of Yugoslavia, Albanians from other parts of the country settled in the area of the Arbanasi.[14]

With the Italian administration of Zadar in the interwar period, the Albanian language was initially tolerated and then banned from teaching and public use. After World War II, many Arbanasi fled Dalmatia or were forced into exile by the new communist authorities. Vuxani himself, already a volunteer at the Rijeka company, was the last Italian authority in Zadar at the time of the entry of the Yugoslav partisans. Arrested and sentenced to death, he was later released and organized the repatriation of 950 Italians from Zara until June 1947. Other Arbëresh remained: among them Krsto Tomas (1908-1988) who was responsible for the restoration of the monuments in Zadar damaged by Allied bombing. But the most famous post-war Arbanasi personality was the historian and archaeologist Aleksandar Stipčević (1930-2015) whose family had arrived 300 years ago from the Shkodër region and who became a member of the Kosovo Academy of Sciences and Arts. His masterpiece was the 1974 book "Gli Illyri", translated into English, Italian and Albanian.[16]

21st century

In the twenty first century, Arbanasi self identify as Croats or Arbanas Croats and do not want their community associated with the officially recognised Albanian minority of Croatia.[15][7] Arbanasi Albanian, once spoken by much of the community and served as a significant identity marker has nearly disappeared, due to the historical and political stigmatisation of Albanian in the former Yugoslavia and the recent period of globalisation.[15] In independent Croatia, for some years the language did not receive encouragement until the 2010s.[17] In modern times about 4000 Arbanasi remain in Croatia.[8] Arbanasi Albanian is currently endangered and fewer than 200 speakers competent in the language exist.[14] An additional 500 people can understand it to a certain degree.[14] Apart from a few publications like the journal Feja and collections of Arbanasi lore, the language is not written.[14]

In studies of speakers of Arbanasi Albanian, they stated to researchers that the language in Croatia is not stigmatised and they have not encountered issues due to speaking it.[17] Arbanasi who speak Arbanasi Albanian mostly have a positive view of the language.[17] Most Arbanasi speakers acknowledge the connections of their language with Albanian, however they stress the unique features of their language and independence from modern standard Albanian.[18]

Contacts between some community members and people from Albania and Kosovo were established.[14][19] In Croatia, there are recent attempts to salvage Arbanasi Albanian from language death.[14] In 2016, standard modern Albanian was introduced as an optional language class in a Zadar high school in the neighbourhood of Arbanasi with the assistance from Albanian, Kosovo and Croatian authorities.[7][19][18] Some disputes have arisen among the community over whether standard Albanian ought to be taught in the school system to keep their language alive or whether Arbanasi Albanian is better placed to fulfill that role instead.[18]

Due to numerous contacts and intermarriage with local Albanians, the Arbanasi are learning more about their roots. An honoured member of the community, Franco Marussich, is reconnecting the population to their ancestral land with an upcoming project on the genealogy of most families present in Zadar.[20]

Arbanasi dialect

Шаблон:Main The Gheg Albanian dialect spoken by the Arbanasi is quite unique among Albanian dialects. Among other features it has non-standard imperatives (art! instead of eja! for "come!", c.f. past participle ardhur), lack of nasal vowels (peculiar for Gheg dialects), phonological changes including alternations between /s/ and /θ/ and the deletion of /h/, and the loss of trilled /r/. Arbanasi have a long history of interacting with speakers of three other languages, Italian, Croatian and Venetian. Historically, Arbanasi were often trilingual between Albanian, Croatian and Venetian; furthermore, they assimilated a large influx of Chakavian speakers who settled among them. There is a high volume of loanwords from each, but some changes appear to have instead distanced Arbanasi from these languages—this is the case with the replacement of all trilled /r/ (the only rhotic in all three of Croatian, Italian and Venetian) with an alveolar tap, a sound totally absent in all three of these influencers. In other ways Arbanasi behaves like a typical Gheg Albanian dialect.[21][9][10]

Notable people

Culture and the arts

Cinema

Literature

  • Niko Karuc, writer and publicist
  • Kruno Krstić, lexicographer[22]
  • Josip Vladović Relja, writer[22][23][24]

Music

Military

Politics and diplomacy

Religion

Sciences and education

Sport

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist-ua Шаблон:Notelist


References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Croatia Шаблон:Ethnic Albanians

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Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Lloshi 1999, p. 277.Шаблон:Fcn "The Albanians of today call themselves shqiptarë, their country Shqipëri, and their language shqipe. These terms came into use between the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Foreigners call them albanesi (Italian), Albaner (German), Albanians (English), Alvanos (Greek), and Arbanasi (old Serbian), the country Albania, Albanie, Albanien, Alvania, and Albanija, and the language Albanese, Albanisch, Albanian, Alvaniki, and Arbanashki respectively. All these words are derived from the name Albanoi of an Illyrian tribe and their center Albanopolis, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. Alban could he a plural of alb- arb-, denoting the inhabitants of the plains (ÇABEJ 1976). The name passed over the boundaries of the Illyrian tribe in central Albania, and was generalised for all the Albanians. They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe.
  5. ↑ Kamusella 2009, p. 241.Шаблон:Fcn "Prior to the emergence of the modern self-ethnonym Shqiptarë in the mid-16th century (for the first time it was recorded in 1555 by the Catholic Gheg, Gjon Buzuku, in his missal), North Albanians (Ghegs) referred to themselves as Arbën, and South Albanians (Tosks) Arbër. Hence, the self-ethnonym Arbëreshë of the present-day Italo-Albanians (numbering about 100,000) in southern Italy and Sicily, whose ancestors, in the wake of the Ottoman wars, emigrated from their homeland in the 14th century. These self-ethnonyms perhaps influenced the Byzantine Greek Arvanites for 'Albanians', which was followed by similar ones in Bulgarian and Serbian (Arbanasi), Ottoman (Arnaut), Romanian (Arbănas), and Aromanian (Arbineş).
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 14,12 14,13 14,14 Шаблон:Harvnb
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ |publisher=Beqir Sina |link=https://diasporashqiptare.al/2021/01/23/arbereshet-historia-e-shqiptareve-te-zares/
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Matasović, Ranka (2012). "A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European". Page 42
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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