Английская Википедия:Arctic Archipelago

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Infobox islands

The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark) and Iceland (an independent country).

Situated in the northern extremity of North America and covering about Шаблон:Cvt, this group of 36,563 islands, surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, comprises much of Northern Canada, predominately Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.[1] The archipelago is showing some effects of climate change,[2][3] with some computer estimates determining that melting there will contribute Шаблон:Cvt to the rise in sea levels by 2100.[4]

History

Around 2500 BCE, the first humans, the Paleo-Eskimos, arrived in the archipelago from the Canadian mainland. Between 1000–1500 CE, they were replaced by the Thule people, who are the ancestors of today's Inuit.

British claims on the islands, the British Arctic Territories, were based on the explorations in the 1570s by Martin Frobisher. Canadian sovereignty was originally (1870–80) only over island portions that drained into Foxe Basin, Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. Canadian sovereignty over the islands was established by 1880 when Britain transferred them to Canada.[5] The District of Franklin – established in 1895 – comprised almost all of the archipelago. The district was dissolved upon the creation of Nunavut in 1999. Canada claims all the waterways of the Northwest Passage as Canadian Internal Waters; however, the United States and most other maritime countries view these as international waters.[6]Шаблон:Failed verification Disagreement over the passages' status has raised Canadian concerns about environmental enforcement, national security, and general sovereignty. East of Ellesmere Island, in the Nares Strait, lies Hans Island, ownership of which is now shared between Canada and Denmark, after a decades-long dispute.[7][8][9]

Geography

Файл:Wfm baffin island.jpg
Satellite image of Baffin Island, the largest island by total area of the Arctic Archipelago

The archipelago extends some Шаблон:Cvt longitudinally and Шаблон:Cvt from the mainland to Cape Columbia, the northernmost point on Ellesmere Island. It is bounded on the west by the Beaufort Sea; on the northwest by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by Greenland, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait; and on the south by Hudson Bay and the Canadian mainland. The various islands are separated from each other and the continental mainland by a series of waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passage. Two large peninsulas, Boothia and Melville, extend northward from the mainland. The northernmost cluster of islands, including Ellesmere Island, is known as the Queen Elizabeth Islands and was formerly the Parry Islands.

The archipelago consists of 36,563 islands, of which 94 are classified as major islands, being larger than Шаблон:Cvt, and cover a total area of Шаблон:Cvt.[10] The islands of the archipelago over Шаблон:Cvt, in order of descending area, are:

Name Location* Area Area rank Population
(2021)
World Canada
Baffin Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 5 1 13,039[11][12]
Victoria Island NT, NU Шаблон:Cvt 8 2 2,168[12][13]
Ellesmere Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 10 3 144[12]
Banks Island NT Шаблон:Cvt 24 5 104[13]
Devon Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 27 6 0
Axel Heiberg Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 32 7 0
Melville Island NT, NU Шаблон:Cvt 33 8 0
Southampton Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 34 9 1,038[12]
Prince of Wales Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 40 10 0
Somerset Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 46 12 0
Bathurst Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 54 13 0
Prince Patrick Island NT Шаблон:Cvt 55 14 0
King William Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 61 15 1,349[12]
Ellef Ringnes Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 69 16 0
Bylot Island NU Шаблон:Cvt 72 17 0

* NT = Northwest Territories, NU = Nunavut

After Greenland, the archipelago is the world's largest high-Arctic land area. The climate of the islands is Arctic, and the terrain consists of tundra except in mountainous regions. Most of the islands are uninhabited; human settlement is extremely thin and scattered, being mainly coastal Inuit settlements on the southern islands.

Map with links to islands

Reference map of Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Reference map of Canadian Arctic Archipelago

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Islands not on map

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Notes

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Communities

Community Island Region, territory Population[12][13]
Arctic Bay Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 944
Clyde River Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 1,181
Iqaluit Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 7,429
Kimmirut Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 426
Pangnirtung Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 1,504
Pond Inlet Baffin Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 1,555
Sachs Harbour Banks Island Inuvik, NT 104
Qikiqtarjuaq Broughton Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 593
Resolute Cornwallis Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 183
Kinngait Dorset Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 1,396
Grise Fiord Ellesmere Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 144
Sanikiluaq Flaherty Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 1,010
Igloolik Igloolik Island Qikiqtaaluk, NU 2,049
Gjoa Haven King William Island Kitikmeot, NU 1,349
Coral Harbour Southampton Island Kivalliq, NU 1,038
Cambridge Bay Victoria Island Kitikmeot, NU 1,760
Ulukhaktok Victoria Island Inuvik, NT 408
Total 23,073

Populated islands

Of the more than 36,000 islands, only 11 are populated. Baffin Island, the largest, also has the largest population of 13,309.[11][12] The population accounts for 67.37 per cent of the 19,355 people in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, 56.51 per cent of the population of the Arctic Archipelago, and 35.38 per cent of the population of Nunavut.[11][12][13]

Island Population[11][12][13] Area[14][15][16]
(km2) 		Area
(sq mi) 		Density
(km2) 		Density
(sq mi)
Baffin Island 13,039 507,451 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Banks Island 104 70,028 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Broughton Island 593 127.6 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Cornwallis Island 183 6,995 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Dorset Island 1,396 Шаблон:Cvt 8 Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Ellesmere Island 144 196,236 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Flaherty Island 1,010 1,585 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Igloolik Island 2,049 114.5 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
King William Island 1,349 13,111 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Southampton Island 1,038 41,214 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density
Victoria Island 2,168 217,291 Шаблон:Cvt Шаблон:Pop density Шаблон:Pop density

Mapping

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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  • Aiken, S.G., M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, et al. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval[CD]. Ottawa: NRC Research Press; Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature, 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Aiken, S. G., Laurie Lynn Consaul, and M. J. Dallwitz. Grasses of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ottawa: Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, 1995.
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Bouchard, Giselle. Freshwater Diatom Biogeography of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada, 2005. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Brown, Roger James Evan. Permafrost in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, 1972.
  • Cota GF, LW Cooper, DA Darby, and IL Larsen. 2006. "Unexpectedly High Radioactivity Burdens in Ice-Rafted Sediments from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago". The Science of the Total Environment. 366, no. 1: 253–61.
  • Dunphy, Michael. Validation of a modelling system for tides in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian technical report of hydrography and ocean sciences, 243. Dartmouth, N.S.: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2005.
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Hamilton, Paul B., Konrad Gajewski, David E. Atkinson, and David R.S. Lean. 2001. "Physical and Chemical Limnology of 204 Lakes from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago". Hydrobiologia. 457, no. 1/3: 133–148.
  • Mi︠a︡rss, Tiĭu, Mark V. H. Wilson, and R. Thorsteinsson. Silurian and Lower Devonian Thelodonts and Putative Chondrichthyans from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Special papers in palaeontology, no. 75. London: Palaeontological Association, 2006. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Michel, C Ingram, R G, and L R Harris. 2006. "Variability in Oceanographic and Ecological Processes in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago". Progress in Oceanography. 71, no. 2: 379.
  • Porsild, A.E. The Vascular Plants of the Western Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ottawa: E. Cloutier, Queen's printer, 1955.
  • Rae, R. W. Climate of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Toronto: Canada Dept. of Transport, 1951.
  • Thorsteinsson, R., and Ulrich Mayr. The Sedimentary Rocks of Devon Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ottawa, Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1987. Шаблон:ISBN
  • Van der Baaren, Augustine, and S. J. Prinsenberg. Geostrophic transport estimates from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Dartmouth, N.S.: Ocean Sciences Division, Maritimes Region, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 2002.

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Canada Geography Шаблон:Arctic topics

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Marsh, James H., ed. 1988. "Arctic Archipelago" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Hurtig Publishers.
  2. ↑ Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover
  3. ↑ Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Arctic Archipelago
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 12,11 12,12 12,13 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Canada не указан текст
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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