Английская Википедия:Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox organization The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme was established as a Working Group of the Arctic Council in 1991.Шаблон:Sfn Its main function is to advise the governments of the eight Arctic member nationsШаблон:SfnШаблон:EmdashCanada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United StatesШаблон:Emdashon environment-related issues such as pollution.Шаблон:Sfn AMAP's work is a cooperative effort involving scientists and Arctic Indigenous peoples, as well as political representatives of the eight nations.Шаблон:Sfn
Contributions and impact
AMAP's monitoring and assessments have informed the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and the World Health Organization (WHO) on issues related to reduction of toxic and polluting chemical emissions.Шаблон:Sfn
SWIPA
The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was influenced significantly by AMAP's assessment reports on "Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic" (SWIPA).Шаблон:Sfn The release of the first SWIPA report, "Climate Change and the Cryosphere", was published for the 2011 Arctic Council ministerial meeting. The United States Department of State urged other member nations to "respond to the SWIPA Assessment’s findings and recommendations".Шаблон:Sfn A Polar Science journal article, "The urgency of Arctic change", builds on 2017 AMAP assessments.Шаблон:Sfn
Arctic Report Card
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)Шаблон:Emdasha United States federal laboratoryШаблон:Emdashthe annual Arctic Report Card, which tracks the ways in which the environment has changed, undergoes an independent peer review organized by the AMAP. One hundred forty-seven researchers from eleven countries submit eleven essays for the AMAP review.Шаблон:Sfn
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
The establishment of AEPS' AMAP was the "fundamental building block" for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) agreement.Шаблон:Sfn From the mid-1980s to 2000, research by atmospheric chemists revealed that POPs contaminating Inuit country food, could be tied to long-range atmospheric transport of POPs from the south to the Arctic.Шаблон:Sfn
Mercury assessment
AMAP undertakes a mercury assessment every ten years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn AMAP has collaborated on two of the four peer-reviewed Global Mercury Assessments undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), including the report published in 2019.Шаблон:Sfn In 2002, UNEP published the first Global Mercury AssessmentШаблон:Emdashthe second in 2008, the third in 2013, and the fourth in 2018. There reports provided the scientific basis for the Minamata Convention on MercuryШаблон:Emdashthat came into force in August 2017.Шаблон:Sfn As part of the Minamata Convention, UNEP undertakes mercury literature reviews every five years in collaboration with AMAP.Шаблон:Sfn
In a 2022 Nature Reviews Earth & Environment article, AMAP researchers reported that "200 tonnes of mercury end up in the Arctic Ocean" every year.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the 2010s, scientists focused on mercury contamination caused by human activities. By 2022, understanding of sources of mercury entering the ocean has become more refinedШаблон:Emdashwith one third coming from the atmosphere, 25% from ocean currents, 20% from river flows, and 20% from coastal erosion. The significant amount of mercury released from permafrost as it thaws raises concerns about ingestion of mercury by polar bears, pilot whales, narwhals, beluga and hooded sealsШаблон:Emdashthe source of food for Inuit in the Arctic.Шаблон:Sfn
History
In Murmansk in 1987, then Soviet Secretary-General, Mikhail Gorbachev, introduced the idea of Arctic nations cooperating on various issues including environment protection.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1989, discussions began between the eight Arctic nationsШаблон:EmdashCanada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, RussiaШаблон:Emdashthen the Soviet Union, Sweden and the United States, which resulted in the establishment of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in June 1991 in Rovaniemi, Finland.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn AMAPШаблон:Emdashalong with four other Working GroupsШаблон:Emdashwas established at that time under the AEPS.Шаблон:Sfn
AMAP first assessed the Arctic environmentШаблон:Emdashboth existing problems and potential problems in the future.Шаблон:Sfn In this way, AMAP has been the "core activity of Arctic environmental cooperation" since the beginning.Шаблон:Sfn
When the "high-level intergovernmental forum", Arctic Council, was established on September 19, 1996Шаблон:Sfn in Ottawa, Canada, it was mandated to oversee and coordinate the five Working Groups, including the AMAP.Шаблон:Sfn The integration of the AEPS programmes within the Artic Council was finalized in 1997 in Norway.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2003, the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) assisted the AMAP in the preparation of its circumpolar assessment.Шаблон:Sfn
Mandate
The AMAP monitors and assesses components of the AEPS. Starting in 1996, AMAP focused its monitoring and assessments in the Arctic on chemical and radioactive contaminants.Шаблон:Sfn
AMAP's research covers the High Arctic and sub-Arctic regions in the circumpolar Arctic.Шаблон:Sfn
Citations
See also
References
A
B
C
- Шаблон:Cite web document said AMAP's "primary function" was to "advise the governments of the eight Arctic countries (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States) on matters relating to threats to the Arctic region from pollution and associated issues. AMAP has produced a series of high quality scientifically-based assessments of the pollution status of the Arctic."
D
I
K
L
N
O
R
U
External links
- www.arctic-council.org – Arctic Council
Шаблон:Indigenous rights footer Шаблон:Arctic topics Шаблон:Russia–United States relations Шаблон:Authority control
