Английская Википедия:Ardèche (river)

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Шаблон:Infobox river

The Ardèche (Шаблон:IPA-fr; Шаблон:Lang-oc) is a Шаблон:Convert long river in south-central France, a right-bank tributary of the River Rhône.[1] Its source is in the Massif Central, near the village of Astet. It flows into the Rhône near Pont-Saint-Esprit, north-west of Orange. The river gives its name to the French department of Ardèche.

The valley of the Ardèche is very scenic, in particular a Шаблон:Convert section known as the Ardèche Gorges. The walls of the river here are limestone cliffs up to Шаблон:Convert high. A kayak and camping trip down the gorge is not technically difficult and is very popular in the summer. The most famous feature is a natural Шаблон:Convert stone arch spanning the river known as the Pont d'Arc (arch bridge).

Geography

The source of the river lies at Шаблон:Convert above sea level in the Vivarais, near the Col de la Chavade, in the forest of Mazan in the commune of Astet. After the towns of Aubenas and Ruoms, it collects the Chassezac and the Beaume and plunges into its famous gorge below Vallon-Pont-d'Arc. It flows into the Rhône at Pont-Saint-Esprit.

Departments and communes

Файл:Ardèche River (France).jpg
Ardèche River near Aubenas
Файл:Die romantische Ardeche.JPG
Part of the Ardèche River
Файл:Ardèche panorama.jpg
Ardèche River panorama

The Ardèche flows through the following departments and communes:[2]

Tributaries

The most important tributaries and subtributaries to the Ardèche include:

Left tributary Right tributary

Hydrology

The river has an average discharge of Шаблон:Convert but experiences severe floods, called "coups de l'Ardèche" (Blows of the Ardèche), in spring and autumn and periods of very low water in summer. During flood events in 1827, 1890, and 1924, it reached Шаблон:Convert and the water level rose to a record Шаблон:Convert in the gorge.

Despite the Ardèche's short length, the flow of the river at Шаблон:Convert is relatively high—higher than the Gardon at Шаблон:Convert, the Cèze (22 m3/s), the Hérault (44 m3/s), or the Agout (55 m3/s)—major rivers south of the Massif Central but much longer.

Rates of flow at Saint-Martin d'Ardèche

Файл:Rocher en ardèche.JPG
Cliffs along the Ardèche
Файл:Ardèche River (France).jpg
The Ardèche near Aubenas

The inter-annual average flow of the Ardèche was observed and calculated over a period of 26 years at Saint-Martin d'Ardèche. It amounted to Шаблон:Convert for a surface basin of Шаблон:Convert—i.e. the vast majority of its watershed of Шаблон:Convert. The river has seasonal fluctuations: a typical flow around the Cevennes, with high water in autumn and winter being double the normal, brings the average monthly flow at the first peak of Шаблон:Convert in October then, after falling to Шаблон:Convert in December, a new peak occurs from Шаблон:Convert in January–March (with a maximum in January). A rapid decline in flow rate follows ending in a dry period in July–August resulting in a decrease of the average monthly rate to the level of Шаблон:Convert in July.[3] (See bar chart below.)

The VCN3 (minimum flow) can drop to Шаблон:Convert in a dry year.

Floods can be extremely important (usually following storms in the Cevennes). The Qix 2 and Qix 5 are respectively Шаблон:Convert which is high. QIX 10 is Шаблон:Convert while QIX 20 and QIX 50 respectively rise to Шаблон:Convert.

The maximum instantaneous flow recorded in Saint-Martin d'Ardèche has been Шаблон:Convert (two-thirds of the average flow of the Danube), while the maximum recorded daily rate was Шаблон:Convert.

The runoff curve number flowing into the catchment of the river is Шаблон:Convert annually, which is very high. The specific flow (Qs) reaches 28.3 litres per second per square kilometre of the catchment.

Шаблон:River discharge

Flows of waterways in the Ardèche catchment

Waterway Location Flows in mШаблон:Sup per second Side
max(m) 		Max.
instant 		Max.
journ. 		Runoff
Curve
(mm) 		Area
(kmШаблон:Sup)
Module VCN3
(low water) 		QIX 2 QIX 5 QIX 10 QIX 20 QIX 50
Ardèche Meyras 3.52 0.090 150 230 280 330 - 4.09 360 157 1092 102
Ardèche Pont-de-Labeaume 16.30 0.550 400 590 710 830 980 7.00 1660 531 1840 280
Ardèche Vogüé 26.00 1.100 730 1100 1400 1600 1900 7.81 2200 890 1294 636
Ligne Labeaume 2.07 0.002 170 300 390 480 - 4.14 622 162 586 112
Beaume Saint-Alban-Auriolles 7.56 0.230 270 430 540 640 - 5.73 683 348 994 241
Chassezac Chambonas 15.50 0.820 550 900 1100 1300 1600 - 1800 878 965 507
- from Borne Saint-Laurent-les-Bains 2.69 0.075 110 180 230 270 330 - 694 174 1357 63
- from Altier Altier 3.44 0.130 120 210 270 330 400 3.12 960 190 1056 103
Ardèche Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche 64.30 2.700 1800 2600 3100 3600 4300 8.12 4500 2510 908 2240

Voice server

The prefecture of Ardèche has provided a voice server since June 2005 whose objective is to regularly disseminate information messages to allow monitoring of any significant event that might trigger a civil security crisis or standby alert. Precise information on the evolution of any flood is provided.

Peculiarity

The Ardèche receives water from the Loire river via the "La Palisse" flood barrier and the Lake d'Issarlès. Effectively, the water is collected to feed the EDF hydroelectric plant at Montpezat-sous-Bauzon and is subsequently piped into the Fontaulière river, a tributary of the Ardèche, near the town of Aubenas.

Hydronymy

Several ancient inscriptions about a college of nautes (Boatmen) in associated rivers have been discovered in the Gard. It is possible that the two rivers concerned are the Ardèche and the Ouvèze.[4]

The identification of these two rivers is still pending. However, if it does involve the Ardèche river, the spellings Hentica (from 950), then Ardesca (in the Charta Vetus) have been attested.

Protected areas

Файл:Vogue01.JPG
The Ardèche at Vogüé
Файл:Canoe tourism on the Ardeche.jpg
Canoe tourism on the Ardeche

The Ardèche is protected along almost all of its course. These protected areas are:

  • The sources of the Ardèche: Astet and Mayres, ZNIEFF type I
  • The Upper valley of the Ardèche, between Thueyts and Ucel: ZNIEFF type I
  • The Riparian forest and floodplain of the Ardèche, between Ucel and Vogüé: ZNIEFF type I
  • The Middle Valley of the Ardèche and its Tributaries: Natura 2000 site
  • The National Nature Reserve of the Gorges de l'Ardèche
  • The lower valley of the Ardèche: ZNIEFF type I.

Tourist attractions

  • The Gorges de l'Ardèche - The Gorges de l'Ardèche (Ardèche Gorge) is located between the villages of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc and Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche. The road along the north rim of the gorge (the Corniche) has views into the gorge and over the river.
  • Pont d'Arc (arched bridge) - A natural stone bridge across the river near the town of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc forms the natural to the Gorges de l'Ardèche.
  • Chauvet Cave - This limestone cave, which is named after its discoverer, is in the Gorges de l'Ardèche. It contains early Stone Age cave paintings of great variety and expressiveness. Since the cave is not open to the public, photographs of cave paintings are displayed in an exhibition in Vallon-Pont d'Arc.
Файл:Lions painting, Chauvet Cave (museum replica).jpg
Lion paintings in the Chauvet cave

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Sandre
  2. ↑ Google Maps
  3. ↑ Page on characteristic flows - The Ardèche at Saint-Martin-d’ArdècheШаблон:Dead link Шаблон:In lang
  4. ↑ CIL XII, 3316 and 2317; 4107 Шаблон:In lang
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