Английская Википедия:Argentine peso

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox currency

The peso (established as the peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina since 1992, identified within Argentina by the symbol $ preceding the amount in the same way as many countries using peso or dollar currencies. It is subdivided into 100 centavos, but due to rapid inflation, coins with a face value below one peso are now rarely used. Its ISO 4217 code is ARS.[1] It replaced the austral at a rate of 10,000 australes to one peso.

Argentine currency has experienced severe inflation, with periods of hyperinflation, since the mid-20th century, with periodic change of the currency to a new version at a rate ranging from 100:1 to 10,000:1. A new peso introduced in 1992, officially the peso convertible de curso legal, was worth 10,000,000,000,000 (ten trillion) pesos moneda nacional, the currency in use until 1970. Since the early 21st century, the peso has experienced further substantial inflation, reaching 211.4% year-on-year in December 2023, the highest since the current peso was introduced in the Convertibility plan of 1991.[2]

The official exchange rate for the United States dollar valued the peso convertible de curso legal at one US dollar at its introduction in 1992, which was maintained until early 2002. Afterwards, it went from a 3:1 exchange rate with the US dollar in 2003 to 178:1 in early 2023. On 14 August 2023, the official exchange rate was fixed at ARS$350 to one US dollar; the unregulated rate valued the peso at ARS$665 to one US dollar.[3] On 15 November 2023, the crawling peg was restored.[4]

Файл:USD to Argentina Peso exchange rate.webp
USD/Argentine Peso exchange rate

In 12 December 2023, following the election of president Javier Milei, economy minister Luis Caputo changed the official exchange rate to 800 pesos to the U.S. dollar from the previous 366.5, a devaluation of 54%, to be followed by a monthly devaluation target of 2%.[5] At the time, the unofficial exchange rate was around 1000 pesos per dollar.[6]

History

Amounts in earlier pesos were sometimes preceded by a "$" sign and sometimes, particularly in formal use, by symbols identifying that it was the specific currency in use at the time, for example "Шаблон:Frac100" or "Шаблон:Val" for pesos moneda nacional. The peso introduced in 1992 is just called peso (until 2002, peso convertible), and is written preceded by a "$" sign only. Earlier pesos replaced currencies also called peso, and sometimes two varieties of peso coexisted, making it necessary to have a distinguishing term to use, at least in the transitional period; the 1992 peso replaced a currency with a different name, austral.

Peso before 1826

The peso was a name often used for the silver Spanish eight-real coin. Following independence, Argentina began issuing its own coins, denominated in reales, soles and escudos, including silver eight-real (or sol) coins still known as pesos.

These coins, together with those from neighbouring countries, circulated until 1881.

Peso fuerte, 1826–1881

Файл:200 pesosfuertes belgrano tren 1869.jpg
200 pesos fuertes banknote issued in 1869

In 1826, two paper money issues began, denominated in pesos. One, the peso fuerte ($F) was a convertible currency, with 17 pesos fuertes equal to one Spanish ounce (27.0643 g) of 0.916 fine gold. It was replaced by the peso moneda nacional at par in 1881. Шаблон:-

Peso moneda corriente, 1826–1881

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Cinco pesos moneda corriente.jpg
"Cinco pesos" moneda corriente banknote, issued 1869

The non-convertible peso moneda corriente (everyday currency) ($m/c) was also introduced in 1826. It started at par with the peso fuerte, but depreciated with time.

Although the Argentine Confederation issued 1-, 2- and 4-centavo coins in 1854, with 100 centavos equal to 1 peso = 8 reales, Argentina did not decimalize until 1881. The peso moneda nacional (m$n or $m/n) replaced the earlier currencies at the rate of 1 peso moneda nacional = 8 reales = 1 peso fuerte = 25 peso moneda corriente. Initially, one peso moneda nacional coin was made of silver and known as patacón. However, the 1890 economic crisis ensured that no further silver coins were issued.

Gold and silver pesos, 1881–1970

The Argentine gold coin from 1875 was the gold peso fuerte, one and two-thirds of a gram of gold of fineness 900, equivalent to one and a half grams of fine gold, defined by Law no. 733 of 1875. This unit was based on that recommended by the European Congress of Economists in Paris in 1867 and adopted by Japan in 1873 (the Argentine 5 peso fuerte coin was equivalent to the Japanese 5 yen).[7]

The system before 1881 has been described as "monetary anarchism" (anarquía monetaria).[7] Law no. 1130 of 1881 put an end to this; it established the monetary unit as the peso oro sellado ("stamped gold peso"), a coin of Шаблон:Val of gold of fineness 900 (90%), and the silver peso, Шаблон:Val of silver of fineness 900.[7] Gold coins of 5 and 2.5 pesos were to be used, silver coins of one peso and 50, 20, 10 and 5 centavos, and copper coins of 2 and 1 centavos.

Peso moneda nacional, 1881–1970

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Argentina-1891-Bill-0.05-Obverse.png
5 cents moneda nacional banknote featuring Nicolás Avellaneda, 1891

The depreciated peso moneda corriente was replaced in 1881 by the paper peso moneda nacional (national currency, (m$n or $m/n)) at a rate of 25 to 1. This currency was used from 1881 until January 1, 1970.[8] The design was changed in 1899 and, again, in 1942.

Initially the peso m$n was convertible, with a value of one peso oro sellado. Convertibility was maintained off and on, with decreasing value in gold, until it was finally abandoned in 1929, when m$n 2.2727 was equivalent to one peso oro.

Peso ley, 1970–1983

Шаблон:Main

The peso ley 18.188 (ISO 4217: ARL) (informally called the peso ley) replaced the previous currency at a rate of 1 peso ley to 100 pesos moneda nacional.

Peso argentino, 1983–1985

Шаблон:Main

The peso argentino ($a) (ISO 4217: ARP) replaced the previous currency at a rate of 1 peso argentino to 10,000 pesos ley (1 million pesos m$n). The currency was born just before the return of democracy, on June 1, 1983. However, it rapidly lost its purchasing power and was devalued several times, and was replaced by a new currency called the austral in June 1985.

Austral, 1985–1991

Шаблон:Main

The austral ("₳") (ISO 4217: ARA) replaced the peso argentino at a rate of 1 austral to 1,000 pesos (one billion pesos m$n). During the period of circulation of the austral, Argentina suffered from hyperinflation. The last months of President Raul Alfonsín's period in office in 1989 saw prices increase constantly (200% in July alone), reflected in a worsening exchange rate. Emergency notes of 10,000, 50,000 and 500,000 australes were issued, and provincial administrations issued their own currency for the first time in decades. The value of the currency stabilized two years after President Carlos Menem was elected.

Peso convertible, since 1992

In 1992 a new peso (ISO 4217: ARS) was introduced, referred to as peso convertible since the international exchange rate was fixed by the Central Bank at 1 peso to 1 U.S. dollar, and for every peso convertible circulating, there was a US dollar in the Central Bank's foreign currency reserves. It replaced the austral at a rate of 1 peso = 10,000 australes. After the various changes of currency and dropping of zeros, one peso convertible of 1992 was equivalent to 10 trillion pesos moneda nacional of 1970.

After the financial crisis of 2001, the fixed exchange rate system was abandoned in January 2002, and the exchange rate fluctuated, up to a peak of four pesos to one dollar (a 75% devaluation) at the time. The resulting export boom produced a massive inflow of dollars into the Argentine economy, which helped lower their price. For a time the administration stated and maintained a strategy of keeping the exchange rate at between 2.90 and 3.10 pesos per US dollar, in order to maintain the competitiveness of exports and encourage import substitution by local industries. When necessary, the Central Bank issues pesos and buys dollars in the free market (sometimes large amounts, of the order of 10 to Шаблон:US$ per day) to keep the dollar price from dropping, and had amassed over Шаблон:US$ in reserves before the Шаблон:US$ payment to the International Monetary Fund in January 2006.

The effect of this may be compared to the neighboring Brazilian real, which was roughly on par with the Argentine peso until the beginning of 2003, when both currencies were about three per U.S. dollar. The real started gaining in value more than the peso due to Brazil's slower build-up of dollar reserves; by 29 December 2009, a real was worth almost 2.2 pesos.[9]

In December 2015, US dollar exchange restrictions were removed in Argentina following the election of President Mauricio Macri. As a result, the difference between the official rate and the unofficial "blue" rate almost disappeared for a time.

The official exchange rate was on 1 April 2016 of 14.4 to Шаблон:US$.[10] The rate gradually worsened; on 29 July 2022 one U.S. dollar was quoted at 131.22 pesos at the official rate and 298 pesos, 2.27 times higher (+127%), in unregulated markets.[11] By September 2023, the official exchange rate had reached 350 pesos to the dollar, and over 720 pesos on unregulated markets.[12]

In 12 December 2023, following the election of president Javier Milei, economy minister Luis Caputo changed the official exchange rate to 800 pesos to the dollar from the previous 366.5, a devaluation of 54%, to be followed by a monthly devaluation target of 2%.[13] At the time, the unofficial exchange rate was around 1000 pesos per dollar.[14]

Coins

In 1992, 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo coins were introduced, followed by 1 peso in 1994. Two-peso coins were introduced in 2010. One-centavo coins were last minted in 2001. In 2017 a new series of coins was issued in denominations of Шаблон:Val and Шаблон:Val, followed by Шаблон:Val and Шаблон:Val in 2018.[15]

Circulating coins of the Argentine peso (1st series)
Value Obverse / reverse Image Ref
1 centavo Laurel wreath and
legend "in union and liberty"		 Файл:Argentinepeso 1centavo coin.jpg [16]
5 centavos Sun of May Файл:Argentinepeso 5centavos coin.jpg [17]
10 centavos Argentine coat Файл:Argentinepeso 10centavos coin.jpg [18]
25 centavos Cabildo of Buenos Aires [19]
50 centavos Casa de Tucumán [20]
1 peso Argentine coat /
Sun of May		 Файл:Argentinepeso 1peso coin.jpg [21]
2 pesos Sun of May [22]
Circulating coins of the Argentine peso (2nd series)
Value Obverse Reverse Ref.
1 peso Jacaranda Ceibo [23]
2 pesos Palo Borracho Ceibo [24]
5 pesos Arrayán Ceibo [25]
10 pesos Caldén Ceibo [26]

Commemorative coins

Commemorating the National Constitutional Convention, 2 and 5-peso nickel coins were issued in 1994.

Commemorative coins
Value Issued Obverse Reverse Conmemorates Ref
50 cent. 1996 UNICEF logo A girl holding a doll 50th. anniversary of Unicef [27]
50 cent. 1997 Eva Duarte 50th anniversary of the death of Eva Perón and the attainment of voting rights by women [28]
50 cent. 1998 Mercosur logo Establishment of Mercosur [29]
50 cent. 2000 Martín Miguel de Güemes Death of Güemes [30]
50 cent. 2001 José de San Martín Death of San Martín [31]
1 peso 1996 Unicef logo A girl holding a doll 50th. anniversary of Unicef [32]
1 peso 1997 Eva Duarte 50th anniversary of the death of Eva Perón and the attainment of voting rights by women [33]
1 peso 1998 Mercosur logo Establishment of Mercosur [34]
1 peso 2001 San José palace Justo José de Urquiza Death of Gral. Urquiza [35]
2 pesos 1994 National Constitution Argentine coats of arms National Constitution Convention [36]
5 pesos 1994 National Constitution Argentine coats of arms National Constitution Convention [37]
2 pesos 2007 Islas Malvinas Argentine soldier 25th. anniversary of the Malvinas War [38]

2 peso coins were issued in 1999 to commemorate the centenary of the birth of writer Jorge Luis Borges, with Borges portrayed on the obverse and a labyrinth and the Hebrew letter aleph on the reverse. On September 18, 2002, a 2-peso coin with Eva Perón's face was introduced to commemorate the 50th anniversary of her death; this coin was to replace the AR$2 banknote if inflation continued to be high. None of the 2-peso coins are widely circulated.

Some other 50-centavo and 1-peso coins commemorate different events, including the 50th anniversary of the creation of UNICEF (1996); the attainment of voting rights by women (1997); the establishment of Mercosur (1998); and the death of José de San Martín (2001).

Several 1 peso coins were issued in 2010 to commemorate the bicentennial of the May Revolution, all featuring the same obverse, different from the main series, and images of different places on the reverse, including Mar del Plata, the Perito Moreno Glacier, Mount Aconcagua, the Pucará de Tilcara, and El Palmar.

Banknotes

In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos. The 1-peso note was replaced by a coin in 1994. Until 2001 banknotes bore the legend "Convertibles de curso legal", meaning that their value was fixed to the same amount in US dollars. As most older bills have been replaced, it is rare to find ones marked as convertible except in the $100 denominations. All bills are 155 × 65 mm in size.[39]

Value Color Description Issue
Obverse Reverse Image Watermark
$2 Blue Bartolomé Mitre; replica of a handwritten manuscript of Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina and contrapuerta of his house Museo Mitre Bartolomé Mitre and his initials 26 November 1997 - 30 April 2018
$5 Green José de San Martín; replica of his will and reproduction of Abrazo de Maipú, painting by Pedro Subercaseaux depicting the hug shared by San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins that sealed Chile's independence Monument to the Army of the Andes, Cerro de la Gloria; Order of the Liberator General San Martín medal José de San Martín and his initials 22 June 1998 - 29 February 2020
$5 Green José de San Martín and the Order of the Liberator José Artigas, Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Bernardo O'Higgins José de San Martín and his initials 1 October 2015 - 29 February 2020
$10 Brown Manuel Belgrano; replica of an 1812 report by him to the government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and reproduction of La Patria Abanderada by Alfredo Bigatti at the National Flag Memorial National Flag Memorial; drum —in remembrance of drummer boy Pedro Ríos who died at the Battle of Tacuarí— and typical textile pattern from the Argentine Northwest Manuel Belgrano and his initials 14 January 1999
$10 Brown, green, blue and purple Manuel Belgrano Juana Azurduy de Padilla and Manuel Belgrano on horseback with swords raised to the new flag on February 27, 1812, along the Paraná River Manuel Belgrano and electrotype MB 4 April 2016
$20 Red Juan Manuel de Rosas; reproduction of Retrato de Manuelita Rosas by Prilidiano Pueyrredón, which depicts his daughter Manuela Rosas Battle of Vuelta de Obligado; reproduction of the military trophies included in the 8 reales coin of 1840 Juan Manuel de Rosas and his initials 18 January 2000
$50 Black Domingo Faustino Sarmiento; reproduction of a manuscript of Vida de Dominguito, biography of his adopted son, who died at the Battle of Curupayty Casa Rosada; motifs to his various activities: La Porteña locomotive, European immigration and Facundo (1845), a cornerstone of Latin American literature Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and his initials 19 July 1999
$50 Blue The Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Antonio Rivero, the Argentine Military Cemetery, light cruiser General Belgrano, the Falkland Islands, and the dolphin gull Файл:Billete 50 pesos malvinas a.jpg Falkland Islands and electrotype IM (for Шаблон:Lang) 2 March 2015
$100 Violet Julio Argentino Roca, replica of a letter Roca sent to Miguel Cané (a diplomat), and evocation of Argentine progress under the sun of the future Conquest of the Desert — The painting La Conquista del Desierto by Juan Manuel Blanes; evocation of Roca as a statesman and military man: handwritten sheets of paper, the saber and a laurel branch Julio Argentino Roca and his initials 3 December 1999
$100 Violet Eva Perón; based on the design of a 5-peso banknote planned to be released following her 1952 death, but unreleased due to the coup that deposed President Juan Perón From the Ara Pacis: a goddess with toddlers Файл:Billete 100 evaperon 2012.jpg Eva Perón and her initials 20 September 2012

Fourth Series

In 2016, the Banco Central de la República Argentina issued a new series of banknotes, with the 200- and 500-peso banknotes as the newest denominations. New 20- and 1,000-peso notes were issued in 2017, and new banknotes of 50 and 100 pesos were issued in 2018. A new series of coins in denominations of $1, $2, $5, and $10 was issued from 2018.[40][41][42]

Value Color Description Issue
Obverse Reverse Image Watermark
$20 Red Guanaco Patagonian Desert Guanaco and electrotype 20 3 October 2017
$50 Gray Andean condor Aconcagua Andean condor and electrotype 50 15 August 2018
$100 Violet Taruca Sierra de Famatina Taruca and electrotype 100 18 December 2018
$200 Blue Southern right whale Valdes Peninsula Файл:200 pesos banknote - Animales Autóctonos - Obverse.jpg Файл:200 pesos banknote - Animales Autóctonos - Reverse.jpg Whale and electrotype 200 26 October 2016
$500 Green Jaguar Yungas Файл:500 pesos banknote - Animales Autóctonos - Obverse.jpg

Файл:500 pesos banknote - Animales Autóctonos - Reverse.jpg

Jaguar and electrotype 500 29 June 2016
$1,000 Orange Hornero Pampas Hornero and electrotype 1000 1 December 2017

5,000-peso design concept

The design concept of a banknote of 5,000 pesos was shown on 16 May 2020.[43][44] The note was not issued, but the design was used for the $2,000 note announced in February 2023.

Fifth Series

In May 2022, the Banco Central de la República Argentina announced a new series of 100-, 200-, 500-, and 1,000-peso notes,[45][46][47][48][49] replacing the animal motifs of the 2016 series with pictures of Argentine historical figures and events while maintaining the color scheme, to be released within the following six months; however, no plans to put these designs into circulation have been made as of May 2023. In March 2023 a $2,000 note was issued, portraying the Instituto Malbrán and pioneering doctors Cecilia Grierson and Ramón Carrillo.[50][51] It does not have a security thread, and uses the design and plates originally intended for the $5,000 note described in May 2020.[52] The new $2,000 note was put into circulation on 22 May 2023.[53]

On 11 January 2024, the Central Bank announced that it would issue 10,000-peso and 20,000-peso notes by June 2024.[54]

Value Color Description Issue
Obverse & watermark Reverse Image
$100 Violet Eva Perón The extension of the right to vote to women in Argentina in 1947 May 2022
$200 Blue Martín Miguel de Güemes and Juana Azurduy Gaucho war; soldiers on horseback May 2022
$500 Green Manuel Belgrano and María Remedios del Valle Soldiers pledging allegiance to the Argentine flag in 1812 May 2022
$1,000 Orange José de San Martín Crossing of the Andes May 2022
$2,000 Red/Gray Ramón Carrillo and Cecilia Grierson Carlos Malbrán National Institute of Microbiology May 2023

Exchange rates

At the end of 2011, exchange control measures were implemented, which managed to reduce capital flight by 85%. One consequence of these measures was the appearance of multiple exchange rates and a parallel market (colloquially called the "blue dollar"), which was accessed by individuals and companies.

Special official exchange rates are sometimes created and abolished, to support sectors of the economy. There has been a "soybean dollar", a special rate for soybean exports, that was applicable between 5 and 30 September 2022,[55] between 20 November and 30 December 2022,[56] again between 8 April and 31 May 2023,[57] and again from 5 September to 25 October 2023.[58] A "corn dollar" for corn exports existed between 25 July and 31 August 2023.[59]

On 4 November 2022 a "foreign tourist dollar" rate close to the black market rate (355 pesos to the dollar instead of the official 195 at the end of February 2023) was introduced, for purchases made with foreign payment cards. This was to encourage people to visit the country while discouraging them from using the currency black market. Tourist dollars spent in January 2023 were nearly five times as many as in January 2022.[60]

The following table, always up-to-date, lists current official interbank rates; the parallel rate values the peso significantly lower.

Шаблон:Exchange rate

Constantly updated link to URL with current parallel ("blue") exchange rate: Шаблон:Cite web

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

  • Cunietti-Ferrando, Arnaldo J.: Monedas de la Republica Argentina desde 1813 a nuestros Dias. Cooke & Compañia. Editores Numismaticos, Buenos Aires, 1978.
  • Cunietti-Ferrando, Arnaldo J.: Monedas y Medallas. Cuatro siglos de historia y Arte. Coins and Medals. Four centuries of history and art. Manrique Zago ediciones, Buenos Aires, 1989.
  • Janson, Hector Carlos: La Moneda Circulante En El Territorio Argentino 1767–1998. Buenos Aires, 1998.

External links

Шаблон:Commons cat

Шаблон:Historical currencies of Argentina Шаблон:Economy of Argentina Шаблон:Peso Шаблон:Currencies of the Americas Шаблон:Portal bar

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок inflat не указан текст
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Billetesargentinos.com.ar Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang, Billegesgarentinos.com.ar Шаблон:In lang Billetes argentinos site. Spanish version is more detailed.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Current rate Web page
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  16. ↑ Argentina 1 centavo
  17. ↑ Argentina 5 centavos
  18. ↑ Argentina 10 centavos
  19. ↑ Argentina 25 centavos
  20. ↑ Argentina 50 centavos
  21. ↑ Argentina 1 peso
  22. ↑ Argentina 2 pesos
  23. ↑ Argentina 1 peso (from 2017)
  24. ↑ Argentina 2 pesos (from 2018)
  25. ↑ Argentina 5 pesos (from 2017)
  26. ↑ Argentina 10 pesos (from 2018)
  27. ↑ 50 centavos (50th anniversary of UNICEF)
  28. ↑ 50 centavos (50th anniversary of the death of Eva Perón and the attainment of voting rights by women)
  29. ↑ 50 centavos (The establishment of Mercosur)
  30. ↑ 50 centavos (Death of General Martín Miguel de Güemes)
  31. ↑ 50 centavos (Death of José de San Martín)
  32. ↑ 1 peso (50th anniversary of UNICEF)
  33. ↑ 1 peso (50th anniversary of the death of Eva Perón and the attainment of voting rights by women)
  34. ↑ 1 peso (The establishment of Mercosur)
  35. ↑ 1 peso (Death of General José de Urquiza)
  36. ↑ 2 peso (National Constitution Convention)
  37. ↑ 5 peso (National Constitution Convention)
  38. ↑ 2 pesos commemorating the Malvinas War
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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