Английская Википедия:Arion intermedius
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox Arion intermedius is a species of land slug in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs. It is known commonly as the hedgehog slug,[1][2] hedgehog arion, or glade slug.[3]
Distribution
It is native to Western Europe and a part of Central Europe. It is native to Czechia where majority of its records come from various types of forests.[4] It is non-native to Slovakia since 2020.[4] It is known as an introduced species in many other regions, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa, South Africa, and the Pacific Islands.[3]
Description
This slug is 1.5 to 2 centimeters long. It is variable in color and patterning, being white, orange, or gray, with or without banding, and it has gray tentacles and a yellow or orange sole. It becomes compact and "nearly bell-shaped" when contracted.[2] The tubercles that texture the dorsal surface of its body taper to sharp, prickle-like points, inspiring the common name hedgehog slug.[2]
Biology
This species occurs in natural habitat such as grasslands and forests, and on cultivated or otherwise human-altered land, such as pastures, orchards, and hedges.[3] It feeds on plants and fungi.[5]
For a long time, this hermaphroditic slug was thought to reproduce only by self-fertilization; solitary captive specimens produced offspring and the species had never been observed mating. Genetic analysis provided evidence of crossing and the species is now believed to have a mixed breeding system, with an individual having the ability to fertilize itself or cross-fertilize, exchanging sperm with a mate.[6]
In the wild it has one generation per year (univoltine), with all individuals maturing rather synchronously in autumn.[7] Adults die over winter or early spring.[8][7]
As a pest
This is not considered to be a severe pest, but some reports of such problems have been made.[5] While most exotic slugs and snails are often found in altered environments, this species has a greater tendency to invade natural habitat, such as forests. Its ability to self-fertilize allows a single individual to enter new habitat and then reproduce.[9] It is also known as a pest of clover-seeded pastures in New Zealand.[10]
References
- Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
External links
- Arion intermedius at Animalbase taxonomy,short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
- Arion intermedius images at Encyclopedia of Life
- ↑ Arion intermedius Normand. Шаблон:Webarchive CSIRO & Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2004.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Arion (Kobeltia) intermedius Normand, 1852 (hedgehog slug). MolluscIreland. National Museums Northern Ireland, 2010.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Arion intermedius.Шаблон:Dead link NatureServe. 2013.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Slugs: A Guide to the Invasive and Native Fauna of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of California. 2009.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Cádiz, F. J. and C. S. Gallardo. (2007). Arion intermedius (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora); first record of this introduced slug in Chile, with notes on its anatomy and natural history. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80(1), 99-108.
- ↑ Barker, G. M. (1989). Slug problems in New Zealand pastoral agriculture. Monograph-British Crop Protection Council (41), 59-68.
