Английская Википедия:Aristobulus I

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Шаблон:Copy edit Шаблон:Infobox royalty Judah Aristobulus I or Aristobulus I (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-el) was the first Hasmonean king of Judaea from 104 BCE until his death in 103 BCE. He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader.Шаблон:Sfn The Romano–Jewish historian Josephus states that he was the first Jew in "four hundred and eighty-three years and three months" to have established a monarchy since the return from the Babylonian captivity.Шаблон:Sfn Aristobulus was the first Hebrew king to claim both the high priesthood and the kingship. The Sadducees and the Essenes were not concerned about Aristobulus taking the title of king, but the Pharisees, believing that the kingship could only be held by the descendants of the Davidic line, strongly opposed this. They launched a massive rebellion, but Aristobulus died before any attempt to depose him could happen.Шаблон:Sfn

The major sources on Aristobulus's life from antiquity are Josephus's Wars of the Jews and Antiquities of the Jews.Шаблон:Sfn His reign is particularly noted for the Judaization of Galilee and the native Semitic people called Ituraeans. Josephus, quoting from Strabo's Historica Hypomnemata, described Aristobulus's regime as kindly and "very serviceable to the Jews" on account of his conquests and the integration of "a portion of Ituraean nation whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision".Шаблон:Sfn

Etymology

The name Aristobulus is of Greek origin and is an epithet meaning "best-advising".Шаблон:Sfn Aristobulus I was the first Hasmonean to have adopted the name,Шаблон:Sfn but his Hebrew name was Judah.Шаблон:Sfn He was also referred to as Philhellene, meaning he was an admirer of Greek culture.Шаблон:Sfn Josephus though does not explain why he was called this.Шаблон:Sfn

Early campaigns and monarchy established

Aristobulus and his brother Antigonus were entrusted by their father, John Hyrcanus, with the conquest of Samaria. They besieged the city and, when the residents requested aid from the Seleucid Empire, defeated a relief army led by Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.Шаблон:Sfn Antiochus successfully escaped to Scythopolis, but the brothers captured Samaria near the end of John's reign, razing the city and enslaving its populace.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their forces then captured Scythopolis and the entire region south of Mount Carmel.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the directions of John Hyrcanus, the country was to be placed in the hands of his wife after his death, and Aristobulus was originally to receive the high priesthood only. Instead, Aristobulus had his mother placed in prison, where she starved to death, securing for him the high priesthood and the kingship. He then jailed all of his brothers except for his old comrade in arms Antigonus to protect himself from possible familial retaliation.Шаблон:Sfn

Josephus does not name Hyrcanus's wife.Шаблон:Sfn He states that Aristobulus and Antigonus were the eldest of the five brothers, but Aristobulus is the firstborn. The others were Alexander Jannaeus, Absalom and a fifth brother Josephus mentions but does not name.Шаблон:Sfn

Conquest of Galilee

Aristobulus had gone to war against the Ituraeans and taken territory from them. The conquered Ituraeans were forced to accept Jewish law and circumcision in order to remain on their land.Шаблон:Sfn The Ituraeans had been an Arab tribe that expanded southward from the Lebanese Beq'a into the Golan Heights and Mount Hermon in the fourth century BCE after the collapse of the Seleucid Empire.Шаблон:Sfn They are first mentioned in Josephus's Antiquities 13.319 during Aristobulus I's conquest where Josephus writes, "he brought over to them a portion of the Ituraean nation".Шаблон:Sfn

Josephus's Antiquities 13.319 is a quote from Strabo's Historica Hypomnemata which was originally written by Timagenes stating "This man was a kindly person and very serviceable to the Jews, for he acquired additional territory for them, and brought over to them a portion of the Ituraean nation, whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision." This passage has been generally accepted as evidence for Josephus's reliance on Strabo and Timagenes's writings.Шаблон:Sfn It is unknown where the confrontation's exact location and the territory that the Ituraeans occupied. Most scholars assume the Ituraean territory to be northern Galilee.Шаблон:Sfn There is also no evidence of forced Judaization on Galilee during Aristobulus's reign.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and successor

Feast of Tabernacles

With sudden abdominal pains, Aristobulus's health gradually deteriorated, forcing him to return to his palace during the Sukkot festival. His brother Antigonus would eventually return to Jerusalem to celebrate the festival at the Temple. Unfamiliar with ceremonial festivities, Antigonus arrived armed with escorting soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn According to Kenneth Atkinson, Antigonus had returned from a successful unspecified military campaign. He further states that Josephus didn't mention the location of the campaign. Atkinson presumes it to be Galilee since Antigonus had fine armor and military decorations procured in the region, as stated in Josephus's Jewish War 1.76.Шаблон:Sfn

In his morbid state, Aristobulus became prey to the factious influence of his wife Queen Salome Alexandra, and conspirators; they had spread rumors about Antigonus attempting to seize the throne once he was seen in armor at the festival. Wearing a military uniform was considered unorthodox during the occasion,Шаблон:Sfn and Aristobulus became estranged from Antigonus after he heard this rumor. Aristobulus was then informed by "evil men" that his brother was sending soldiers to murder him. Believing the report, he barricaded himself in the fortified citadel Baris, which was moated and had defensive towers.Шаблон:Sfn

Death of Antigonus and Aristobulus

The queen, contemplating the possibility of being tortured and killed if Antigonus became king once Aristobulus was deceased from his worsening health, deliberately advised Antigonus to enter, armed, into an interview with his brother. However, he had been summoned to answer suspicions of intrigue against his brother's life. The queen had bribed the messenger whom Aristobulus sent to his brother; she altered the original message. Instead of having Antigonus arrive at his brother's palace unarmed, she suggested that Antigonus should wear his new body armor which he had made in Galilee as a presentation upon Aristobulus's request. Incensed with suspicion at finding his brother armed, Aristobulus killed his brother. In frantic regret at this rash execution, Aristobulus's health drastically declined until his death shortly after.Шаблон:Sfn Queen Salome then released Aristobulus's brothers, selecting Alexander Jannaeus as the next king.Шаблон:Sfn

Coinage

The first mint of Hasmonean coins didn't begin until the leadership of John Hyrcanus. Like his father, Judah Aristobulus only minted his coins with the title of the high priesthood and used Hebrew inscriptions. It wasn't until Alexander Jannaeus that both the roles of kingship and the high priesthood were minted onto the coins.Шаблон:Sfn

The majority of Judah's coins were found in the regions of Galilee and the Golan, primarily, the largest amount of coins were from Gamla.Шаблон:Sfn By 2016, archeologists had found thirty coins at Gamla which was the largest amount to date.Шаблон:Sfn The majority of them come from his actual reign, while a small amount of these coins were minted after.Шаблон:Sfn

The numismatic evidence does not indicate Aristobulus assumed the title of king.Шаблон:Sfn There was also the possibility the coins could be attributed to Aristobulus II (67 – 63 BCE) who was also a king and high priest,Шаблон:Sfn however, the longstanding debate began to favor more towards Aristobulus I when new numismatic evidence indicated that Aristobulus I had his coins minted with the name "Judah".Шаблон:Sfn

Because of his short reign of one year, only a small amount of coins are available that have the name "Judah". Ya'akov Meshorer categorized them into two groups. Twenty coins are inscribed with "Jehudah high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew), and another seven with the inscriptions of "Jehudah the high priest and the assembly of the Jews" (Шаблон:Script/Hebrew). Every coin has a value of one prutah and has the inscriptions in a wreath. On the opposite side, a cornucopia with pomegranates between them.Шаблон:Sfn The inscriptions on his coins are almost identical to those on the coins of his father and his brother Alexander Jannaeus.Шаблон:Sfn

Doubts concerning Josephus's statement that Aristobulus was the first Hasmonean monarch are indicated by his coins, which do not contain the title of "king".Шаблон:Sfn Josephus's statement also conflicts with Strabo, who stated that Alexander Jannaeus was the first king, rather than a high priest. However, no Hasmonean relinquished the high priesthood in favor of the kingship.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Kenneth Atkinson, Alexander Jannaeus received opposition for having the kingship title minted onto his coins. Alexander had many of those coins over-struck to replace the kingship title for the high priesthood. Atkinson considers the over-struck coins as evidence that the title of "king" was still problematic during Alexander's reign, Atkinson concluded that “the absence of any royal designation of Aristobulus's coins does not indicate that he was never an actual monarch”.Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy and Historical Debates

Aristobulus I's brief but impactful reign left a lasting imprint on the Hasmonean dynasty, sparking historical debates about his true status as a monarch. While Josephus asserts that Aristobulus was the first Hasmonean king, numismatic evidence complicates this claim. The coins minted during Aristobulus's rule do not bear the title of "king," fueling doubts about his royal status. This discrepancy aligns with conflicting accounts from Strabo, who credits Alexander Jannaeus as the inaugural Hasmonean king. The enduring debate hinges on the intricacies of Hasmonean leadership, with scholars pondering whether Aristobulus held both the high priesthood and kingship simultaneously. The absence of the royal designation on his coins, reminiscent of the later hesitancy seen in Alexander Jannaeus's reign, adds a layer of complexity to understanding the political dynamics within the Hasmonean rule.

Historical Significance and Religious Tensions

Aristobulus I's dual assertion of high priesthood and kingship not only fueled debates among historians but also heightened religious tensions during his reign. The Pharisees, staunch believers in the Davidic lineage as the rightful kings, vehemently opposed Aristobulus's claims to the throne. This ideological conflict resulted in a massive rebellion initiated by the Pharisees, seeking to depose Aristobulus. However, his untimely death preempted any resolution to this religious and political turmoil. The clash between traditionalist Pharisees and the Hasmonean monarch set the stage for subsequent power struggles within the Jewish community, contributing to the complex socio-political landscape of the time. Aristobulus I's legacy thus extends beyond the numismatic uncertainties, encompassing the intricate interplay between religious convictions and political ambitions that characterized this pivotal period in Judean history.

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