Английская Википедия:Aristocracy (class)
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The aristocracy[1] is historically associated with an "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class of people (aristocrats) with hereditary rank and titles.[2] In some, such as ancient Greece, ancient Rome, or India, aristocratic status came from belonging to a military class. It has also been common, notably in African societies, for aristocrats to belong to priestly dynasties. Aristocratic status can involve feudal or legal privileges.[3] They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.[4] In modern European societies, the aristocracy has often coincided with the nobility, a specific class that arose in the Middle Ages, but the term "aristocracy" is sometimes also applied to other elites, and is used as a more general term when describing earlier and non-European societies.[5] Aristocracy may be abolished within a country as the result of a revolution against them, such as the French Revolution.
Etymology
The term aristocracy derives from the Greek Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang from Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) 'excellent' and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) 'power').[6] In most cases, aristocratic titles were and are hereditary.
The term Шаблон:Lang was first used in Athens with reference to young citizens (the men of the ruling class) who led armies at the front line. Шаблон:Lang roughly translates to "rule of the best born". Due to martial bravery being highly regarded as a virtue in ancient Greece, it was assumed that the armies were being led by "the best". This virtue was called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang). Etymologically, as the word developed, it also produced a more political term: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang). The term aristocracy is a compound word stemming from the singular of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang), and the Greek word for power, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang).
From the ancient Greeks, the term passed to the European Middle Ages for a similar hereditary class of military leaders, often referred to as the nobility. As in Greece, this was a class of privileged men and women whose familial connections to the regional armies allowed them to present themselves as the most "noble" or "best" of society.
See also
- Gentry
- Landed gentry (United Kingdom)
- Landed gentry in China
- Landed gentry in Poland
- Honorifics
- Monarchy
- Capitalism
- Nobility
- Upper class
- Imtiaz (Egypt)
- Chieftaincy (Nigeria)
- Old money
- Peerage (United Kingdom)
- Royal and noble ranks
- Styles (manner of address)
- Royal and noble styles (royal and noble)
- Forms of address in the United Kingdom
- Titles
- Social capital
- Social environment
- Symbolic capital
- Honour
- Moral responsibility
- Yangban (Korea)
- Kuge (Japan)
- Zamindar or Jenmi (India)
References
External links
Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Social class Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Definition (2) of Aristocracy
- ↑ The Aristocrats: a portrait of Britain's nobility and their way of life today, by Roy Perrott, (London 1968), pp. 5–10.
- ↑ Native Wood Preservation Ltd, on British Aristocracy and Hierarchy
- ↑ Modern European societies and the nobility of aristocracy
- ↑ The Oxford Companion to British History, John Cannon (editor), Oxford University Press, 1997, Шаблон:ISBN
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