Английская Википедия:Armed, far-right organizations in Italy

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Neo-fascism In the First Italian Republic, after the Second World War, many armed, paramilitary, far-right organizations (Шаблон:Lang-it) were active, as well as far-left ones, especially in the Years of Lead.

Background

Шаблон:Further The attempt to endorse the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist heir of the National Fascist Party, by the Tambroni Cabinet in 1960 led to rioting and was short-lived.[1] Widespread labor unrest and the collaboration of countercultural student activist groups with working class factory workers and pro-labor radical leftist organizations, such as Potere Operaio and Lotta Continua, culminated in the Hot Autumn of 1969, a massive series of strike actions in factories and industrial centres in Northern Italy.[1] Student strikes and labour strikes, often led by workers, leftists, left-sympathizing laborers, or Marxist activists, became increasingly common, often deteriorating into clashes between the police and demonstrators composed largely of workers, students, activists, and often left-wing militants.[1]

In the same period, various organizations with a far-right ideology emerged in Italy and undertook violent action. Young neo-fascists perceived the legal, neo-fascist political party MSI as betraying them through its ostensible inaction in the face of attacks by the police and political opponents, as in the case of the Acca Larentia killings.[2] Influenced by theories of urban guerrilla warfare and spontaneism,[3][4] a number of neo-fascists moved from street-fighting to terrorism.[5]

Organizations

Name in Italian Flag or symbol Name translated Leading figures Period of activity Ideology Principal actions Political representation, affiliation, or legacy
Associazione Protezione Italiani Italians' Protection Association 1961–1979 Neo-fascism Alto Adige bombings (1961)[6]
Avanguardia Nazionale Файл:Flag of National Vanguard.svg National Vanguard Stefano Delle Chiaie[7] 1970–1972 Neo-Nazism Reggio revolt (1970), Gioia Tauro train station sabotage (1970), and Peteano massacre (1972) Comunità Politica di Avanguardia[8]
Falange Armata Armed Phalanx SISMI[9] 1990–1994 Far-right politics Assassination of Opera prison educator Umberto Mormile (1990) Cosa Nostra and Gladio in Italy
Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasces of Revolutionary Action[note 1] Pino Romualdi 1946– 1947; 1951 Neo-fascism Attacks against Italy's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Embassy of the United States, Rome[10]
Movimento di Azione Rivoluzionaria Movement of Revolutionary Action Carlo Fumagalli
Gaetano Orlando[11]		 1962–1974 Neo-fascism Arson and bombing attacks on Enel pylons (1960s), and arson attack on the Pirelli-Bicocca tire depot in Milan, in which a worker lost his life (1971)
Movimento Rivoluzionario Popolare Revolutionary Popular Movement Paolo Aleandri
Marcello Iannilli[12]		 1979–1980 Neo-fascism Bombing attack at the Capitoline Hill (1979), bombing attack on the Regina Coeli prison (1979), bombing attack against Italy's High Council of the Judiciary (1979), and bombing attempt at the Piazza dell'Indipendenza in Rome, which failed due to bomb malfunction (1979)[13]
Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari Файл:Flag of Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari.svg Armed Revolutionary Nuclei Valerio Fioravanti
Francesca Mambro
Massimo Carminati
Alessandro Alibrandi
Franco Anselmi		 1977–1981 Neo-fascism Bologna massacre, a bombing with 85 dead (1980), and assassination of magistrate Mario Amato (1980) and police officer Francesco Evangelista (1980) Forza Nuova
Ordine Nero Файл:Ordine Nero.png Black Order Fabrizio Zani
Marco Pastori
Adriano Petroni
Luciano Benardelli		 1974–1983 Neo-Nazism Italicus Express bombing (1974), Piazza della Loggia bombing, with 8 people dead and 102 wounded (1974),[14] and assassination of judge Vittorio Occorsio (1976)
Ordine Nuovo Файл:Flag of Ordine Nuovo.svg New Order Pierluigi Concutelli[15]
Pino Rauti		 1965–1973 Neo-Nazism Piazza Fontana bombing in the headquarters of the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura, with 17 people dead and 88 wounded (1969), and Peteano massacre, with 3 Carabinieri killed and one injured (1972), plus various bombings of trains Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo[16]
Terza Posizione Файл:Terza Posizione symbol.jpg Third Position Giuseppe Dimitri
Nanni De Angelis
Roberto Fiore
Gabriele Adinolfi
Massimo Morsello		 1979–unknown Neo-fascism Collaboration with the Armed Revolutionary Nuclei in armed militancy and popularization of the Third Position ideology[note 2] CasaPound
Forza Nuova

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book


Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="note"/>

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Armed,_far-right_organizations_in_Italy&oldid=13246297