Английская Википедия:Armistice Day centenary

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use Oxford spelling Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox event

The Armistice Day centenary was the international series of events in 2018 marking the centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, which ended hostilities in World War I. It took place at the conclusion of the wider First World War centenary.

Special commemorations were scheduled for the occasion, in the weeks leading up to and including the date of the centenary itself—11 November 2018. Over 70 heads of state and government gathered in Paris for an international ceremony marking the anniversary of the end of the war, and a series of Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day events were also organized across Europe, the Commonwealth, and in other locations throughout the world.

Background

Шаблон:Main The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was signed near the French town of Compiègne between the Allies (represented by Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch) and Germany (represented by Matthias Erzberger), after similar agreements had been made with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. The agreements made by both sides included the cessation of all hostilities on the Western Front. It was officially signed at 5:45Шаблон:Nbspam on 11 November and came into effect later that morning at 11Шаблон:Nbspam Paris time.Шаблон:Sfn

Following the end of the war, 11 November is observed as an annual day of remembrance in multiple countries under different names (Armistice Day, Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries and Veterans Day in the United States). The first Armistice Day observance took place in 1919.Шаблон:Sfn

Throughout the course of the First World War centenary, which covered a four-year period beginning in 2014, several governments, including those of the United Kingdom and France, had already planned centenary programmes up to that point, including marking key dates of the war such as the Gallipoli campaign in 2015, and the battles of Verdun and the Somme in 2016.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

France

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The Franco-German memorial plaque at Compiègne

Commemorative events were organized as part of the French government's wider Шаблон:Lang committee.Шаблон:Sfn

On 18 September 2018, the schedule for the then-forthcoming centenary was revealed in a press conference hosted by education minister Jean-Michel Blanquer and Geneviève Darrieussecq, secretary of state to the Minister of the Armed Forces.Шаблон:Sfn Plans included a commemoration ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe followed by an inaugural peace forum, which were already elaborated by president Emmanuel Macron.Шаблон:Sfn

Timeline of commemorations

On 4 November 2018, Macron and his spouse Brigitte Macron hosted German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the Strasbourg Cathedral, marking the official start of the week-long commemorative period. A concert was held in their presence, and the flags of France, Germany and the European Union were hoisted outside the cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn

In the lead up to the centenary itself, Macron carried out a "memorial tour", visiting symbolic locations on the Western Front. The tour, however, mainly drew "the scorn of ordinary French voters over his perceived metropolitan disregard for their pocketbook concerns."Шаблон:Sfn Macron also announced that writer Maurice Genevoix, author of numerous books on the First World War, would be listed on the Panthéon in 2019, alongside 14 other authors.Шаблон:Sfn

On 10 November, Macron and German chancellor Angela Merkel visited the Glade of the Armistice at Compiègne, where they laid a wreath, unveiled a reconciliatory plaque and signed a book of remembrance in a replica of the railway carriage where the Armistice was signed. The visit was symbolic as it marked the first time that French and German leaders had visited the site since 1945.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

At 11:00 CET on 11 November, bells across France rang simultaneously to mark a century since the armistice came into force, including at Notre-Dame de Paris and at churches in overseas territories of France.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the same time, international dignitaries, led by Macron, arrived at the Arc de Triomphe for the planned international ceremony, which began after a presidential inspection of troops, followed by a roll call of French soldiers killed in the preceding year and an army choir rendition of La Marseillaise, the French national anthem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The event included performances by cellist Yo-Yo Ma, French violinist Renaud Capuçon and Beninese musician Angélique Kidjo, and 1918 testimonies being read out by a group of teenage students.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn Macron then delivered a speech in which he denounced nationalism as a "betrayal of patriotism", and warned of the resurgence of "old demons".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was followed by a performance of Ravel's Bolero by the European Union Youth Orchestra.Шаблон:Sfn

The end of the service included a rekindling of the Tomb to the Unknown Soldier, where Macron also laid a wreath. The "Sonnerie aux morts" and a minute of silence, concluding with the "Cessez-le-feu" bugle call, marked the end of the ceremony.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The inaugural Paris Peace Forum was opened at the Grande halle de la Villette in the afternoon, with Macron, Merkel and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres giving remarks.Шаблон:Sfn

The European Broadcasting Union organized a commemorative concert at the Royal Opera of Versailles with performances by the Vienna Philharmonic, entitled the "Concert for Peace."Шаблон:Sfn During a concert in La Force, Dordogne, violinist Pierre Hamel from the Orchestre Colonne performed using a metal violin assembled by soldiers in the trenches.Шаблон:Sfn A series of religious memorial services were organized for the day, including an international mass at Notre-Dame de Paris, conducted by Archbishop Michel Aupetit.Шаблон:Sfn

Guests

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Countries with representatives who attended

Over 120 foreign dignitaries, including 72 heads of state and government and representatives of several international organizations, were reported to have attended the commemorations in Paris.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the French presidential office, only countries "which sent troops or workers to the European theaters of war" were invited to be represented.Шаблон:Sfn In preparation for the events, around 10,000 police officers, gendarmes and soldiers were placed on duty.Шаблон:Sfn Dignitaries included Merkel, US president Donald Trump, and Russian president Vladimir Putin.

French president Macron held a bilateral meeting with Trump at the Élysée Palace on 10 November. The meeting was timed a day after Trump published a tweet saying Europe should "first pay its fair share" of NATO in response to the former's suggestions for a continental European army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A similar meeting was planned between Trump and Putin, but it was ultimately scrapped due to the forthcoming 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Also on 10 November, Justin Trudeau, the prime minister of Canada, participated in separate commemorations at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in northern France, prior to his attendance at the events scheduled for the following day.Шаблон:Sfn

On the day of the ceremony itself, Trump, Putin and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu used their own transportation—ultimately showing up late to the venue at the Arc de Triomphe—due to security concerns, in contrast to other guests who were taken in coaches.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Visiting dignitaries were invited to an official reception dinner at the Musée d'Orsay on the evening of 10 November, and attended a reception at the Élysée Palace the following morning.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn All international guests who attended the ceremony were invited to a luncheon at the Élysée immediately after its conclusion, with their consorts gathering at the Palace of Versailles.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Most also attended the Paris Peace Forum, with Trump notably opting to instead visit the Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, where he made an address before returning to Washington.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

French dignitaries
International

Present at the Arc de Triomphe ceremony unless stated otherwise.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

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Heads of state and members of royal houses

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Heads of government
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International organizations

Controversies

In October 2018, reports circulated in the French press that Philippe Pétain, who served in the Battle of Verdun and later led Nazi-aligned Vichy France, would be paid tribute at the Hôtel des Invalides alongside other World War I marshals. In response, the office of the Élysée said it didn't understand how such a tribute "ended up there", explaining that it was "not in the [official] program".Шаблон:Sfn President Macron in particular described Pétain as a "great soldier", while remarking that he made "disastrous choices" during the Nazi occupation.Шаблон:Sfn The resulting public controversy led to the tribute to Pétain being withdrawn from the schedule.

A planned visit by US President Donald Trump to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, due on 10 November, was cancelled due to what the White House termed "bad weather".Шаблон:Sfn The decision was met with harsh criticism, particularly from former secretary of state John Kerry, former Obama national security advisor Ben Rhodes and British Conservative politician Nicholas Soames, a grandson of Winston Churchill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

During the procession to the Arc de Triomphe, Trump's motorcade passed by a topless woman who ran towards it and was quickly dragged out by French police. The radical feminist group Femen claimed responsibility for the incident.Шаблон:Sfn French police had already arrested three Femen demonstrators who staged a protest at the Arc de Triomphe on the morning of 10 November welcoming "war criminals".Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Anti-Trump demonstrations were also held at the Place de la République.Шаблон:Sfn

The seating arrangement caused a major controversy in Serbia. As the Serbian army had a pivotal role in forcing both Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary out of the war, with Serbia itself having the most extensive casualties compared to its population number and a historical friendship with France, the positioning of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić away from the frontline seating areas in place of representatives of countries which were on the opposing side in the war or didn't even exist as separate states at the time, was taken as an insult in Serbia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

United Kingdom

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Шаблон:See also On 4 November, 10,000 torches were lit in the moat of the Tower of London, in an artistic installation entitled Beyond the Deepening Shadow which repeated nightly ending on 11 November.Шаблон:Sfn The Shrouds of the Somme, designed by artist Rob Heard and comprising 72,396 shrouded figures representing all servicemen from the British Commonwealth with no known grave, was laid out at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, being on display from 8 to 18 November 2018.Шаблон:Sfn The BBC planned a week-long series of special programming across its platforms.Шаблон:Sfn

On 9 November, Prime Minister Theresa May and French President Emmanuel Macron jointly paid respects at the Thiepval Memorial in northern France. May also laid wreaths at the graves of John Parr and George Edwin Ellison, respectively the first and last British soldiers killed during the war, during a visit to the St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. Her wreaths were engraved with handwritten messages, invoking wartime poems to express gratitude to the dead for being "staunch to the end".Шаблон:Sfn

As Remembrance Sunday in 2018 fell on 11 November, the National Service of Remembrance was held concurrently with other commemorative events in Europe. The service at the Cenotaph in London began at 11:00 GMT, with a two-minute silence being observed, after which Prince Charles then laid the first wreath on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thousands were able to pay respect to relatives and soldiers killed in the war during a march past the memorial.Шаблон:Sfn Despite ongoing renovations, the Big Ben rang eleven times at 12:30 GMT.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was invited to attend as a special guest, becoming the first German leader to lay a wreath at the Cenotaph.Шаблон:Sfn The invitation was reportedly planned as early as September 2018.Шаблон:Sfn The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport described his presence as "a symbol of the friendship that exists between the two countries today".Шаблон:Sfn A memorial service was held in the evening at Westminster Abbey, where Steinmeier read out a passage from 1 St John 4:7–11 in German.Шаблон:Sfn The Queen and several senior royal family members also attended a remembrance concert.Шаблон:Sfn

Similar events were held across the United Kingdom's constituent countries and Crown Dependencies. In Scotland, Princess Anne attended a service at Glasgow Cathedral, while First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and other officials laid wreaths.Шаблон:Sfn The government of the Isle of Man released a series of special commemorative coins to mark the centenary.Шаблон:Sfn

Commonwealth of Nations

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Part of the crowd outside the Australian War Memorial prior to the 2018 Remembrance Day ceremony

Remembrance Day ceremonies were organized in Commonwealth countries, as on previous occasions, in conjunction with the Armistice centenary.

The centenary was commemorated in Australia with a national Remembrance Day service in Canberra, alongside a national minute of silence in remembrance of Australian soldiers who fought and died in overseas conflicts. Prime Minister Scott Morrison addressed a crowd of more than 12,000 attending the ceremony. An extension of the Anzac Memorial in Sydney was opened to the public for the occasion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In addition, over a thousand people attended a commemoration at the Australian National Memorial in the French town of Villers-Bretonneux.Шаблон:Sfn

In India, a memorial service was held at the Delhi War Cemetery, where Indian and British delegates laid wreaths. Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat led the British delegation and was joined by Sir Dominic Asquith, British High Commissioner to India, and defence attaché Brigadier Mark Goldsack.Шаблон:Sfn In a series of tweets, Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Indian troops and pledged to "further an atmosphere of harmony and brotherhood".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In New Zealand, the Pukeahu National War Memorial Park in Wellington hosted an Armistice commemoration service, which was organized as part of the wider New Zealand WW100 commemorations. A 100-gun salute was held at the Wellington waterfront, and two minutes of silence were observed at 11:00 NZDT, followed by a cacophony of noise replicating how the public initially reacted to the news of the Armistice a century prior. Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern gave speeches at the event.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Ceremonies in Kenya and Zambia were scheduled for 25 November 2018; German forces fighting in Northern Rhodesia only received news of the armistice on 14 November 1918, and eventually surrendered later that month.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Voi, the Commonwealth War Cemetery hosted a small ceremony, which was attended by British and German diplomats; a Kenyan army bugler played the Last Post during the ceremony, and wreaths were laid by a Kenyan general and some local and international visitors.Шаблон:Sfn The Zambian government sponsored a centenary event in the town of Mbala organized by the national tourism agency, saying that attraction to the region would unlock the "tourism and investment potential of Northern Province".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The centenary was also marked in Canada.Шаблон:Sfn

Other locations

Commemorative events took place in Hong Kong, Italy, Myanmar, Romania, and Russia on the occasion of the centenary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Belgium

National commemorations were held in the capital of Brussels. In an address, King Philippe pledged to keep "the memory of those who sacrificed themselves for us and the values for which they fought", and to "engage together in building a world of peace." A dove and 11 pigeons were released during the memorial service.Шаблон:Sfn In Ypres, a series of tributes to Commonwealth veterans was attended by the Minister-President of Flanders, Geert Bourgeois.Шаблон:Sfn The Last Post, traditionally performed nightly at the Menin Gate since 1928, was additionally played at 11:00 CET to mark the centenary.Шаблон:Sfn

In Mons, celebrations were held marking the anniversary of Canadian troops taking over the city from the Germans, in the final leg of Canada's Hundred Days.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada led a recreated Armistice parade through the city.Шаблон:Sfn

Germany

Public memorization of the First World War in modern Germany was muted, mainly owing to the defeat of the German Empire and the chronology of events resulting from the aftermath of the war. Nonetheless, some individual events were organized, including a religious service at the Berlin Cathedral, and an exhibition showcasing works by 31 international artists representing countries involved in WWI peace negotiations.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Hungary

The Hungarian National Bank released a series of commemorative coins on 16 October 2018, which included a silver collector coin with a face value of 10,000 Hungarian forint and a non-ferrous metal variant with a fifth of the face value.Шаблон:Sfn

Ireland

A service was organized at Glasnevin Cemetery, and attended by President Michael D. Higgins, who was due to be sworn in for a second term on the same day, along with representatives of at least 47 countries. The Last Post was played during the ceremony.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Luxembourg

A ceremony was held at the Gëlle Fra monument in the capital during the late afternoon, in the presence of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa, as well as prime minister Xavier Bettel, who also paid tribute to war casualties.Шаблон:Sfn

United States

The National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri hosted a ceremony in which participants and relatives of WWI veterans tolled a "bell of peace" and laid wreaths in memory of those killed in the war.Шаблон:Sfn The Washington National Cathedral organized a commemorative worship service.Шаблон:Sfn

President Donald Trump proposed that a military parade at the Capitol be held on 10 November to mark the centenary, in admiration of France's Bastille Day military parade (which Trump attended as a guest in 2017). However, Trump cancelled the proposed event in August 2018 over cost concerns, with estimates that the parade would have cost as much as US$92 million.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Vatican City

In remarks made during a weekly Angelus address, Pope Francis appealed for a rejection of a "culture of war", quoting Benedict XV, who served as pope during the majority of the First World War, and reflecting on the occasion of St. Martin's Day, which also fell on 11 November. The bells at St. Peter's Basilica were tolled in the afternoon in unison with other church bells across Europe.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes and references

Notes

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Citations

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Works cited

Books and journals

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News

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Websites and others

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Further reading

  • S. Sumartojo, Experiencing 11 November 2018 – Commemoration and the First World War Centenary, Routledge, 2020. Шаблон:ISBN.

External links

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