Английская Википедия:Arno
Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox river The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber.[1][2]
Source and route
The river originates on Monte Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines, and initially takes a southward curve. The river turns to the west near Arezzo passing through Florence, Empoli and Pisa, flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea at Marina di Pisa.Шаблон:Citation needed
With a length of Шаблон:Convert, it is the largest river in the region. It has many tributaries: Sieve at Шаблон:Convert long, Bisenzio at Шаблон:Convert, Ombrone Pistoiese at Шаблон:Convert, and the Era, Elsa, Pesa, and Pescia. The drainage basin amounts to more than Шаблон:Convert and drains the waters of the following subbasins:
- The Casentino, in the province of Arezzo, formed by the upper course of the river until its confluence with the Maestro della Chiana channel.
- The Val di Chiana, a plain drained in the 18th century, which until then had been a marshy area tributary of the Tiber.
- The upper Valdarno, a long valley bordered on the east by the Pratomagno massif and on the west by the hills around Siena.
- The Sieve's basin, which flows into the Arno immediately before Florence.
- The middle Valdarno, with the plain including Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Prato, and Pistoia.
- The lower Valdarno, with the valley of important tributaries such as the Pesa, Elsa, and Era and in which, after Pontedera, the Arno flows into the Ligurian Sea. The river has a very variable discharge, ranging from about Шаблон:Convert to more than Шаблон:Convert. The mouth of the river was once near Pisa but is now several kilometres westwards.
It crosses Florence, where it passes below the Ponte Vecchio and the Santa Trinita bridge (built by Bartolomeo Ammannati but inspired by Michelangelo). The river flooded this city regularly in historical times, most recently in 1966, with Шаблон:Convert after rainfall of Шаблон:Convert in Badia Agnano and Шаблон:Convert in Florence, in only 24 hours.Шаблон:Citation needed
Before Pisa, the Arno is crossed by the Imperial Canal at La Botte. This water channel passes under the Arno through a tunnel, and serves to drain the former area of the Lago di Bientina, which was once the largest lake in Tuscany before its reclamation.
The flow rate of the Arno is irregular. It is sometimes described as having a torrentlike behaviour, because it can easily go from almost dry to near flood in a few days. At the point where the Arno leaves the Apennines, flow measurements can vary between Шаблон:Convert. New dams built upstream of Florence have greatly alleviated the problem in recent years.Шаблон:Citation needed
The flood on November 4, 1966 collapsed the embankment in Florence, killing at least 40 people and damaging or destroying millions of works of art and rare books. New conservation techniques were inspired by the disaster, but even decades later hundreds of works still await restoration.[3]
Etymology
From Latin Arnus (Pliny, Natural History 3.50). The philologist Hans Krahe related this toponym on a paleo-European basis *Ar-n-, derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *er-, "flow, move".[4]
Ecology
The Arno river has been strongly affected by non-native species: over 90% of fish species and 70% of macroinvertebrate species in the area around Florence are alien species.[5] These include the European catfish,[6] channel catfish,[6] Crucian carp,[5] common bleak,[7] topmouth gudgeon,[7] New Zealand mud snail,[5] and killer shrimp.[5] The mud crab has been found in the river near Pisa.[8]
Uses and human impacts
Water from the Arno drainage basin is used for drinking water, irrigation, and firefighting.[9] Citizens in the central part of the drainage basin also identified flood control, support for biodiversity, fisheries, and cultural value as other services that the river provides.[9] There is the risk that flooding will jeopardize these ecosystem services, as 9% of wastewater treatment plants, 10% of landfills or other waste sites, and 4.5% of contaminated sites are at high risk of flooding, which would produce hotspots of pollution.[10]
Gallery
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The Arno in Florence
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The Arno in Pisa, near the Ponte della Fortezza (Fortress Bridge)
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Banks of the Arno, seen from the Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge), Florence
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Mouth of the Arno in Marina di Pisa
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The Arno in Florence, 180 degree view: the Uffizi Gallery is straight across and the Ponte Vecchio is to the left
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The Arno in Florence at night
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The Ponte Amerigo Vespucci (Amerigo Vespucci Bridge)
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Edelmiro Bascuas, Hidronimia y léxico de origen paleoeuropeo en Galicia (page 41)
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- Rivers of Italy
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- Geography of Florence
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- Rivers of the Province of Arezzo
- Rivers of the Metropolitan City of Florence
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- Rivers of the Apennines
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