Английская Википедия:Artabanus IV of Parthia

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other people Шаблон:Infobox royalty Artabanus IV, also known as Ardavan IV (Parthian:𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍), incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus V,Шаблон:Sfn was the last ruler of the Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224. He was the younger son of Vologases V, who died in 208.

Name

Шаблон:Lang is the Latin form of the Greek Artábanos (Шаблон:Lang), itself from the Old Persian *Arta-bānu ("the glory of Arta.").Шаблон:Sfn The Parthian and Middle Persian variant was Ardawān (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Reign

Dynastic struggles and war with the Romans

In Шаблон:Circa, Vologases VI succeeded his father Vologases V as king of the Parthian Empire. His rule was unquestioned for a few years, till his brother Artabanus IV rebelled. The dynastic struggle between the two brothers most likely started about 213. Artabanus successfully conquered much of the empire, including Media and Susa. Vologases VI seems to have only managed to keep Seleucia, where he minted coins.Шаблон:Sfn The Roman emperor Caracalla sought to take advantage of the conflict between the two brothers. He tried to find a pretext to invade the Parthian Empire by requesting Vologases to send two refugees—a philosopher named Antiochus and a certain Tiridates, who was possibly either an Armenian prince or an uncle of Vologases. To the surprise of the Romans, Vologases had the two men sent to Caracalla in 215, thus denying him his pretext.Шаблон:Sfn Caracalla's choice of contacting Vologases instead of Artabanus shows that the Romans still saw him as the dominant king.Шаблон:Sfn

Caracalla then chose to preoccupy himself with an invasion of Armenia. He appointed a freedman named Theocritus as the leader of the invasion, which eventually ended in a disaster. Caracalla then once again sought to start a war with the Parthians. In another attempt to gain a pretext, he requested Artabanus to marry his daughter, which he declined. It is disputed whether Caracalla's proposal was sincere or not.Шаблон:Sfn Caracalla's choice to contact Artabanus shows that the latter was now considered the dominant king over Vologases, who would rule a small principality centered around Seleucia until 221/2.Шаблон:Sfn Artabanus soon clashed with Caracalla, whose forces he managed to contain at Nisibis in 217.Шаблон:Sfn Peace was made between the two empires the following year, with the Arsacids keeping most of Mesopotamia.Шаблон:Sfn However, Artabanus still had to deal with his brother Vologases, who continued to mint coins and challenge him.Шаблон:Sfn

War with the Sasanians

Файл:Ardachir relief Firuzabad 1.jpg
1840 illustration of a Sasanian relief at Firuzabad, showing Ardashir I's victory over Artabanus IV and his forces.

The Sasanian family had meanwhile quickly risen to prominence in their native Pars, and had now under prince Ardashir I begun to conquer the neighboring regions and more far territories, such as Kirman.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At first, Ardashir I's activities did not alarm Artabanus, until later, when the Arsacid king finally chose to confront him.Шаблон:Sfn According to al-Tabari, whose work was probably based on Sasanian sources,Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I and Artabanus agreed to meet in Hormozdgan at the end of the month of Mihr (April).Шаблон:Sfn Nonetheless, Ardashir I went to the place before due time to occupy an advantageous spot on the plain.Шаблон:Sfn There he dug out a ditch to defend himself and his forces. He also took over a spring at the place.Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I's forces numbered 10,000 cavalry, with some of them wearing flexible chain armor akin to that of the Romans.Шаблон:Sfn Artabanus led a greater number of soldiers, who, however, were less disposed, due to wearing the inconvenient lamellar armor.Шаблон:Sfn Ardashir I's son and heir, Shapur I, as portrayed in the Sasanian rock reliefs, also took part in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn The battle was fought on 28 April 224, with Artabanus being defeated and killed, marking the end of the Arsacid era and the start of 427 years of Sasanian rule.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

The chief secretary of Artabanus, Dad-windad, was afterwards executed by Ardashir I.Шаблон:Sfn Thenceforth, Ardashir I assumed the title of shahanshah ("King of Kings") and started the conquest of an area which would be called Iranshahr (Ērānshahr).Шаблон:Sfn He celebrated his victory by having two rock reliefs sculptured at the Sasanian royal city of Ardashir-Khwarrah (present-day Firuzabad) in his homeland, Pars.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first relief portrays three scenes of personal fighting; starting from the left, a Persian aristocrat seizing a Parthian soldier; Shapur impaling the Parthian minister Dad-windad with his lance; and Ardashir I ousting Artabanus IV.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The second relief, conceivably intended to portray the aftermath of the battle, displays the triumphant Ardashir I being given the badge of kingship over a fire shrine from the Zoroastrian supreme god Ahura Mazda, while Shapur and two other princes are watching from behind.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Vologases VI was driven out of Mesopotamia by Ardashir I's forces soon after 228.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The leading Parthian noble-families (known as the Seven Great Houses of Iran) continued to hold power in Iran, now with the Sasanians as their new overlords.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The early Sasanian army (spah) was identical to the Parthian one.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, the majority of the Sasanian cavalry were composed of the very Parthian nobles that had once served the Arsacids.Шаблон:Sfn Memories of the Arsacid Empire never completely vanished, with efforts trying to restore the empire in the late 6th-century made by the Parthian dynasts Bahram Chobin and Vistahm, which ultimately proved unsuccessful.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

References

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Sources

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Шаблон:Parthian kings

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