Английская Википедия:Arzanene

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Файл:Arshakuni Armenia 150-en.svg
Map of the provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia in 150, including Arzanene (Aghdznik)

Arzanene (Шаблон:Lang-el) or Aghdznik (Шаблон:Lang-hy) was a historical region in the southwest of the ancient kingdom of Armenia. It was ruled by one of the four Шаблон:Transliteration (bidakhsh, Шаблон:Transliteration) of Armenia, the highest ranking nobles below the king who ruled over the kingdom's border regions.Шаблон:Sfn Its probable capital was the fortress-city of Arzen.Шаблон:Sfn The region briefly became home to the capital of Armenia during the reign of Tigranes the Great, who built his namesake city Tigranocerta there.Шаблон:Sfn Arzanene was placed under the direct suzerainty of the Roman Empire after the Peace of Nisibis in 298. It was briefly brought back under Armenian control c. 371 but was soon lost again following the partition of Armenia in 387.Шаблон:Sfn

Name

It is generally agreed the Greco-Roman name of Arzanene is derived from the city of Arzan (Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration in Armenian), which was probably the capital of the province. The name is identified with the Alzi or Alše mentioned in Neo-Assyrian and Urartian inscriptions and is of non-Armenian origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Geography

Arzanene was located between the western Tigris and the eastern Taurus Mountains, covering an area of approximately Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn It was located to the east of the Batman River and to the west of the Botan River (both tributaries of the Tigris).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The region was naturally divided between the mountainous part closer to the Taurus in the north, which had an extremely cold climate, and the flat part to the south, which had a warm and dry climate.Шаблон:Sfn Arzanene was famous for its rivers and springs, as well as its iron and lead mines. Cattle-breeding, grape cultivation and winemaking were well-developed in the province.Шаблон:Sfn The province had about seven fortresses.Шаблон:Sfn

According the early medieval Armenian geography Ashkharhats’oyts’, Arzanene was divided into ten cantons or gawars (their capitals or main fortresses, where known, are listed adjacent to the canton name):Шаблон:Sfn

One of the recensions of Ashkharhats’oyts’ includes an eleventh district, Шаблон:Transliteration, which is likely an error.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Suren Yeremian includes Angeghtun among the cantons of Aghdznik’, even though it is not listed as such in any of the manuscripts of Ashkharhats’oyts’ (Cyril Toumanoff and Robert Hewsen consider Angeghtun to have been a part of Tsop’k’/Sophene).Шаблон:Sfn

As the domain of one of the four Шаблон:Transliteration of Armenia, Arzanene can be divided into the core principality or "Arzanene proper" and the Шаблон:Transliteration (viceroyalty or march) of Arzanene, which likely included all of the ten cantons of Arzanene listed above (according to Hewsen, probably excluding Np’rkert) and some further territories to the south.Шаблон:Sfn Josef Markwart and Toumanoff include the adjacent provinces of Moxoene (Mokk’) and Corduene (or part of it) in the viceroyalty of Arzanene, although this is rejected by Hewsen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The viceroyalty of Arzanene is also called the Шаблон:Transliteration of Aruastan in some Armenian sources (Persian: Шаблон:Transliteration, referring in this case to the area around Nisibis), so it is referred to as the Arabian March by some historians.Шаблон:Sfn

History

In the first half of the first millennium BCE, Arzanene may have been the location of the state of Alzi or Alše mentioned in Assyrian and Urartian cuneiform inscriptions.Шаблон:Sfn It was conquered by the Kingdom of Urartu (c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), then came under the control of the Medes and soon after passed to the Achaemenid Empire. Under Achaemenid rule, Arzanene was included in the Satrapy of Armenia. The Persian Royal Road passed through the province. After the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, Arzanene became a part of the Armenian kingdom ruled by the Orontid dynasty. The local princes of Arzanene claimed Assyrian royal origin, but in all likelihood they were originally a branch of the Orontid dynasty. During the reign of Tigranes the Great, under whom Armenia reached its greatest territorial extent, Arzanene became the center of his short-lived empire as the location of the new capital of Tigranocerta.Шаблон:Sfn It was probably under Tigranes that the Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene was established to defend Armenia from an invasion from Mesopotamia.Шаблон:Sfn The office of the Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene continued to exist under the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and after the region was lost by Armenia, until at least the mid-5th century.Шаблон:Sfn

In 298 AD, the entire Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene came under the suzerainty of the Roman Empire as a result of the Peace of Nisibis.Шаблон:Sfn However, the 5th-century Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium (Book 3, Chapter 8) still speaks of the Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene as a vassal of the king of Armenia in the 330s, which Toumanoff accepts as evidence that the Romans had effectively left Arzanene under Armenian suzerainty.Шаблон:Sfn In the 330s, Шаблон:Transliteration Bakur of Arzanene attempted to defect to the Sasanian Empire, but was killed in battle and the province consequently remained under Roman (or Roman-Armenian) control.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The emperor Jovian was forced to give up suzerainty over Arzanene to the Persians according to the peace treaty signed in 363 after Julian's failed Persian expedition.Шаблон:Sfn Faustus of Byzantium (Book 5, Chapter 16) names Arzanene among the provinces reconquered for Armenia by Mushegh Mamikonian c. 371, during the reign of King Pap.Шаблон:Sfn After the Peace of Acilisene of 387, Arzanene was divided between Rome and the Sasanian Empire (with most of it going to the Persians), and until 591 the Roman-Sasanian border passed through the western part of the province.Шаблон:Sfn During the Armenian rebellion of 450–451 against the Sasanian Empire, the Armenian rebels appealed to the Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene as a foreign ruler; this is the last time that any Шаблон:Transliteration of Arzanene is mentioned in the classical sources.Шаблон:Sfn By 591, all of Arzanene had been annexed by the Byzantine Empire. On the ruins of Tigranocerta, the Romans built a new city named Martyropolis or Np’rkert.Шаблон:Sfn In c. 640, the Arab general Iyad ibn Ghanm invaded Arzanene from Syria.Шаблон:Sfn Following the Arab conquest of Armenia, many Arab tribes settled in Arzanene, especially in the lowlands.Шаблон:Sfn The Armenian population remained in the mountainous parts of the region until the Armenian genocide in 1915.Шаблон:Sfn

Arzanene was later a small Arab emirate under the Zurarid dynasty in the 9th century. In the 10th century the area fell under Hamdanid control. Hamdum, an Arab chief, conquered Arzanene and Amid around 962. In 963 a sister of Hamdum, whose name is not given in the original sources, governed the region for ten years. After 1045 it fell successively under Byzantine, Seljuk, Mongol and Ottoman Turkish control. For many years the Armenians of Sasun maintained a semi-independent status and fought the Ottoman authorities; well known battles are the Sasun Resistance (1894) and Sasun resistance in 1915.

Population

The exact ethnic composition of Arzanene is not known. According to Nicholas Adontz, its population was mixed "Armeno-Syrian."Шаблон:Sfn Pliny the Elder refers to a people called the Azoni, which Robert Hewsen believes to be a misspelling of *Arzoni, apparently referring to the people of Arzanene as if forming a distinct ethnic group.Шаблон:Sfn In Hewsen's view, Armenians must have settled in Arzanene early on but "it is likely that the basic population had remained essentially semitic-speaking."Шаблон:Sfn Under Arab rule Arzanene became heavily settled by Arab and Kurdish tribes, but a significant Armenian element (according to one source, an absolute majority of Armenians)Шаблон:Sfn remained there until the Armenian genocide.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Historical regions of Armenia

Шаблон:Coord

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