Английская Википедия:Ashin Jinarakkhita

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Ashin Jinarakkhita

Ashin Jinarakkhita (23 January 1923 – 18 April 2002), born Tee Boan-anШаблон:Sfn (Шаблон:Lang-zh) was an Indonesian-born ChineseШаблон:Sfn who revived Buddhism in Indonesia.Шаблон:Sfn He was also known as Bhante Ashin, Tizheng Lao Heshang 體正老和尚, Teh-ching,Шаблон:Sfn Sukong 師公 (Grandmaster), and The Flying Monk.

Biography

Youth and early career

Jinarakkhita was born in Bogor, West Java on 23 January 1923 as Tee Boan-an 戴滿安,Шаблон:Sfn the third son of The Hong Gie and Tan Sep Moy. According to Juangari, as a young boy Tee Boan-an was already interested in yoga and "mystic powers". As a boy, he met a Theosophist from the Netherlands, who encouraged him to read "The Ancient Wisdom" and "The Secret Doctrines". When he was a teenager, Tee Boan-an practiced meditation at Gede Mountain and Salak Mountain, and visited "virtuous people" and Viharas to gain spiritual knowledge.

After attending the HBS at Jakarta and the Technical School in Bandung, he left in 1946 for the Netherlands to study chemistry at Groningen University. There he also continued his interest in Theosophy. He also learnt Pali and Sanskrit languages from Dr. Van Der Leeuw, and acquired fluency in English, German, French, and Dutch. During holidays, he went to France, where he had the opportunity to attend lectures by Jiddu Krishnamurti.

In 1951 he returned to Indonesia, where he worked as a teacher at several secondary schools in Jakarta, but also took an active interest in religion.

Buddhist ordination

Tee Boan-an became president of the Indonesian Sam Kauw UnionШаблон:Refn as well as the vice-president of the central committee of the Indonesian Theosophy Youth.Шаблон:Sfn Buddhism was reintroduced in Indonesia in the beginning of the 20th century by the Theosophical Society,Шаблон:Sfn which played a central role in the popularisation of Buddhism in the west, and the revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.Шаблон:Sfn In Indonesia the Theosophical Society found adherents among the Dutch colonials, Chinese immigrants, and Indonesian noblemen.Шаблон:Sfn Buddhism spread in the form of Theravada and Mahayana.Шаблон:Sfn Theravadin Buddhists had contacts with Buddhist Orders in Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand, while Chinese Mahayana priests from China were invited by the Indonesian-Chinese Buddhist communities.Шаблон:Sfn

Tee Boan-an received ordination as a Mahayana Ch'an novice monk on 29 July 1953, and received the name Tizheng 體正 (Te Cheng) from the Chinese Mahayana priest Benqing (Pen Ching/Pen Cheng) Lao Heshang,Шаблон:Sfn from the Guanghua Monastery in Putian, China.Шаблон:Refn Eventually, Tizheng received dharma transmission from Benqing.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Communists took over power in China in 1949, Buddhist monasteries were closed in China, and Indonesia tried to diminish Chinese influences in Indonesia.Шаблон:Sfn For these reasons, further Ch'an-training in China was problematic,Шаблон:Sfn and Benqing sent Tizheng to Burma in 1953, where he practiced Satipatthana Meditation under Mahasi Sayadaw.Шаблон:Sfn Tizheng was ordained as a Theravada monk in 1954, and received the name Ashin Jinarakkhita.Шаблон:Sfn The same year he returned to Indonesia,

Buddhist Revival

Jinarakkhita was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in Indonesia. He realised that Buddhism had to adapt to Indonesian culture to survive; otherwise it would remain a foreign "fremdkörper".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

In 1955 Jinarakkhita formed the first Indonesian Buddhist lay organisation, Persaudaraan Upasaka Upasika Indonesia (PUUI).Шаблон:Sfn In 1957, the PUUI was integrated into the Indonesian Buddhist Association (Perhimpunan Buddhis Indonesia, Perbudi),Шаблон:Sfn in which both Theravada and Mahayana priesthood were united.Шаблон:Sfn Nowadays, the PUUI is called Majelis Buddhayana Indonesia (MBI).

In 1960 Jinarakkhita established the Sangha Suci Indonesia, as a monastic organisation. In 1963 the name was changed to Maha Sangha of Indonesia, and in 1974 the name was change into Sangha Agung Indonesia. It is a community of monastics from the Theravada, Mahayana and Tantrayana traditions.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1965, after a coup-attempt, Buddhist organisations had to comply with the first principle of the Indonesian state ideology, Pancasila, the belief in one supreme God.Шаблон:Sfn All organisations that doubted or denied the existence of God were outlawed.Шаблон:Sfn this posed a problem for Indonesian Buddhism, which was solved by Jinarakkhita by presenting nibbana as the Theravada "God", and Adi-Buddha, the primaeval Buddha of the region's previous Mantrayana Buddhism, as the Mahayana "God".Шаблон:Sfn According to Jinarakkhita, the concept of Adi Buddha was found in the tenth-century Javanese Buddhist text Sang Hyang Kamhayanikan.Шаблон:Sfn

Another important factor in the Buddhist Revival was the use of a new category of lay Buddhist teachers.Шаблон:Sfn Those were older Buddhists without a formal dharma transmission or authorisation, but with a lot of life-experience. Those elder teachers were sanctioned by Jinarakkhita, and instituted new meditation-centers, and organised meetings and lectures.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Death

Jinarakkhita died on Thursday 18 April 2002 in Pluit Hospital, North Jakarta. His ashes and relics were brought back to Sakyavanaram Temple at Cipendawa Cliff, Pacet, Cianjur (between Jakarta and Bandung), West Java, where Jinarakkhita lived.

Teachings

Jinarakkhita had a liberal teaching on Buddhism.Шаблон:Sfn According to Jinarakkhita, orang suci ("saints") can be found everywhere,Шаблон:Sfn and religious experience is personal and unique.Шаблон:Sfn Each person has to pursue his or her own path.Шаблон:Sfn In his teachings he often quoted non-Buddhists, such as Ranggawarsita,Шаблон:Sfn and he admired Sai Baba.Шаблон:Sfn

Love, as represented by Guanyin, is essential: Шаблон:Blockquote

Students

Jinarakkhita had students and followers in both Indonesia and other countries.Шаблон:Sfn One of them is Ton Lathouwers, a Dutch lay student who received dharma transmission in the Rinzai-lineage in 1987,Шаблон:Sfn and founded the Maha Karuna Ch'an organisation in the Netherlands.

See also

• Buddhism in Indonesia
• Vihara Buddhagaya Watugong
• Vipassana Movement
• Mahasi Sayadaw
• Guanghua Temple
• Parwati Soepangat
• Buddhism in the Netherlands
• Sanghyang Adi Buddha

Sources

Published sources

• Шаблон:Citation
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Further reading

• Ton Lathouwers, More than anyone can do. VU University Press (forthcoming)
• Charles Luk (Lu K'uan Yü), Chan and Zen Teaching

External links

• Buddhayana (English)
• Buddhayana.org (Indonesian)
• ashinjinarakkhita.or (Indonesian)