Английская Википедия:Ashinas

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Шаблон:About Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox military person Abu Ja'far Ashinas (Шаблон:Lang-ar; died 17 or 19 December 844) was a general of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim. One of the earliest and most prominent members of al-Mu'tasim's Turkic guard, he rose to become one of the leading figures of the empire under al-Mu'tasim, serving as a commander in the Amorium campaign, and playing a leading role in the purge of the old Abbasid elites that followed. He was also governor of Egypt from 834, as well as of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia from 838 on, although in practice he appointed deputies to govern in his stead. Under al-Mu'tasim's successor al-Wathiq, his powers were extended further into a virtual viceroyalty over all western provinces of the caliphate.

Origin and early career

According to the accounts of al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, Ashinas was one of the first slaves purchased by Abu Ishaq, the future al-Mu'tasim, for his Turkish guard, along with Itakh al-Khazari, Wasif, and Sima al-Dimashqi. Unlike later practice, whereby the slaves would be purchased in Central Asia, these four and other, unnamed early members of the guard were purchased in Baghdad in Шаблон:Circa; Ashinas' original owner is given by al-Ya'qubi as Nu'aym ibn Khazim Abi Harun ibn Nu'aym.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Al-Tabari mentions a fanciful story on how Ashinas received his name. In 819 Abu Ishaq commanded a force sent against some Kharijite rebels. During this campaign, one of the Turkish ghilmān placed himself between a Kharijite lancer and the future caliph, shouting, "Recognize me!" (in Persian "ashinas ma-ra"). To express his appreciation, Abu Ishaq on that same day granted this man the name "Ashinas".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn C. E. Bosworth suggests a Persian origin for the name, as it is attested among other Iranian people, and cites the linguist Ferdinand Justi's proposal for an origin from the root -shinās, "knowing, knower".Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the Sinologist Édouard Chavannes and the Turkish historian Шаблон:Ill suggested a derivation from the Ashina tribe of the Göktürks, while Christopher Beckwith rejects this association.Шаблон:Sfn

Ashinas' family is also obscure; from his patronymic "Abu Ja'far", he had at least one son named Ja'far, but he is otherwise unknown.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Tabari, also refers to a Musa ibn Ashinas leading troops during the 865–866 civil war.Шаблон:Sfn

Career under al-Mu'tasim

Obverse and reverse of silver coin with Arabic inscriptions
Silver dirham of al-Mu'tasim, minted at al-Muhammadiya in 836/7

During al-Mu'tasim's reign (833–842), Ashinas was, along with Itakh and al-Afshin, the prince of Usrushana, one of the most prominent men in the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn Already in 834, he had been named governor of Egypt, a position held by al-Mu'tasim before his accession.Шаблон:Sfn As with his other provincial governorates later in his career, Ashinas did not govern directly, but appointed deputies as governors, while he remained in Iraq.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During his 11 years as nominal governor in Egypt, Ashinas appointed four deputies to govern in his place.Шаблон:Sfn

When al-Mu'tasim founded Samarra as his new capital and residence in 836, Ashinas along with the other Turks received allotments in the western side of the new city, known as al-Karkh. There Ashinas built his own palace (Dar Ashinas).Шаблон:Sfn He is recorded as having a number of officers (quwwad) under his command, and they their own followers in turn.Шаблон:Sfn During the Amorium campaign of 838, he led the vanguard of the army, and was one of the chief commanders during the siege of the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The rise of men like Ashinas and the other Turks rankled with the traditional Abbasid elites, who saw their power being diminished in favour of these parvenus of servile origin. Their sullen and rebellious mood is conveyed by an anecdote in al-Tabari, of two of Ashinas' lieutenants, Amr al-Farghani and Ahmad ibn al-Khalil ibn Hisham, grumbling during the siege about being humbled by Ashinas, "this slave, the son of a whore", and that they would rather defect to the Byzantines than continue to serve under him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Amr and Ahmad became members of a conspiracy to overthrow al-Mu'tasim and replace him with his nephew, al-Ma'mun's son al-Abbas. Growing suspicious of their behaviour, Ashinas had them placed under house arrest. One of Amr's young servants, whom he had warned to stay inside his tent in case of disturbances, then went to the Caliph, and the plot was quickly uncovered. Ashinas took the lead in discovering and arresting the conspirators, along with his fellow Turks, Itakh and Bugha the Elder. This led to a major purge of the traditional establishment that had served the Abbasids until then: alongside al-Abbas, over 70 other commanders were executed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Turks in turn profited from the affair, and Ashinas most of all, thanks to the central role he played in its resolution.Шаблон:Sfn After the return from the Amorium campaign, Ashinas was given control of a super-governorate over the provinces of Egypt, which he already controlled, Syria and the Jazira. As he remained in Samarra and merely appointed resident governors in his name, in practical terms this most likely meant that Ashinas had control over the revenues of these provinces.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, according to Hugh N. Kennedy, this move "represented a further centralizing of power, for the under-governors of the provinces seldom appeared at court and played little part in the making of political decisions".Шаблон:Sfn In 839, his daughter Utranja was wed to the son of al-Afshin in a lavish ceremony attended by the Caliph in person. Following the arrest of al-Afshin in 840, however, the couple were also arrested.Шаблон:Sfn

When al-Mu'tasim left Samarra for al-Sinn in 840, he appointed him as his deputy in the capital, and when he returned, he publicly placed him on a throne and conferred a ceremonial crown to him.Шаблон:Sfn When Ashinas participated in the Hajj of 841, he received honours on every stop of the route, and was hailed as the amir, or governor, of the provinces from Samarra to Mecca for the duration of his pilgrimage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Ibn al-Adim, al-Mu'tasim alone gave Ashinas 40 million silver dirham during the final years of his reign.Шаблон:Sfn

Career under al-Wathiq and death

Caliph al-Wathiq repeated the coronation ceremony for Ashinas in Ramadan (June/July) 843, who on the occasion was invested with sweeping authority over the western provinces, from Samarra to the Maghreb—an act which the 15th-century Egyptian scholar al-Suyuti considered as the first occasion when royal power (sultan) was delegated to a subject.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ashinas died on 17 or 19 December 844,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn at the height of his power;Шаблон:Sfn according to the 14th-century historian al-Dhahabi, although not corroborated in other sources, he left behind a fortune of 100,000 gold dinars, which was confiscated by the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Little is known about the circumstances of his death, but, as Matthew Gordon comments, "if his death was brought on by illness or old age, then Ashinas was among a tiny number of prominent Samarran Turks who managed to avoid a violent end".Шаблон:Sfn His fellow Turks Itakh and Wasif rose to prominence after his death, with Itakh in particular succeeding Ashinas in his rank and his over-governorship of the western provinces.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ashinas' palace later became the residence of al-Fath ibn Khaqan, the chief confidante of Caliph al-Mutawakkil.Шаблон:Sfn

The future viziers Ahmad ibn al-KhasibШаблон:Sfn and Sulayman ibn Wahb ibn Sa'idШаблон:Sfn served in the role of secretary (katib) to Ashinas.

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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