Английская Википедия:Ashmyany

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox settlement AshmyanyШаблон:Efn or Oshmyany (Шаблон:Lang-be;Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Lang-ru; Шаблон:Lang-lt; Шаблон:Lang-pl; Шаблон:Lang-yi) is a town in Grodno Region, Belarus.[1] It is located Шаблон:Convert from Vilnius in Lithuania, and serves as the administrative center of Ashmyany District.[2][1] It lies in Ashmyanka's river basin. As of 2023, it has a population of 16,870.[2]

The town was the birthplace of the general Lucjan Żeligowski and Jewish Soviet partisan Abba Kovner.

Name

Since time immemorial, Ašmena and its surroundings were ethnic Lithuanian territory.Шаблон:Sfn However, many of the indigenous inhabitants died out during the wars, famine and plague in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, and the number of Slavic colonists grew.Шаблон:Sfn Lithuanians were slavicized along the Minsk-Ašmena-Vilnius axis, and by the mid-19th century, the numbers of Lithuanian-speakers had severely decreased.Шаблон:Sfn

Presently, its Lithuanian past is sealed in the towns's name, which is of Lithuanian origin.Шаблон:Sfn The town's name is derived from the name of the Ašmena (modern Ashmyanka River), itself derived from the Lithuanian word akmuo (stone).Шаблон:Sfn The link between consonants š and k is old and present in the Lithuanian words, respectively ašmuo (sharp blade) and akmuo (stone).Шаблон:Sfn The present name Ashmyany uses the plural form of the name and is a modern invention. Through the ancient town's history, its name was recorded in the Lithuanian singular form.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

14th century

Ašmena is mentioned first as a town in the Duchy of Vilnius in the 1350s.Шаблон:Sfn The first reliable mention of Ašmena is in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which tells that after Gediminas' death in 1341, Jaunutis inherited the town.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1384, the Teutonic Order attacked and destroyed the town with the goal of destroying Jogaila's hereditary state.Шаблон:Citation needed The Teutons recorded the town as "Aschemynne".Шаблон:Citation needed The Teutons managed to destroy the town, but it quickly recovered.Шаблон:Citation needed By 1384, there is a manor of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Ašmena.Шаблон:Sfn The Roman Catholic Шаблон:Interlanguage link was built after 1387.Шаблон:Sfn This church was one of the first in the whole of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn The church was administrated by the Franciscans.Шаблон:Sfn

15th century

In 1402, the Teutons attacked once more, but were bloodily repelled, so the Teutons withdrew to Medininkai.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1413, the town became one of the most notable trade and commerce centres within the Vilnius Voivodship.Шаблон:Citation needed Hence, in 1432 Ashmyany became the site of an important battle between the royal forces of Jogaila under Žygimantas Kęstutaitis and the forces of Švitrigaila, who was allied with the Teutonic Order.Шаблон:Citation needed After the town was taken by the royalists, it became the private property of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and started to develop rapidly.Шаблон:Citation needed

Hanseatic trade routes passed through the town in the 15th century.Шаблон:Sfn On 1 September 1432, Švitrigaila was deposed from the throne in Ašmena.Шаблон:Sfn On 8 December 1432, Ašmena was the site of the Battle of Ašmena between Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis.Шаблон:Sfn There was a residential palace in Ašmena from the early 15th century to the end of the 18th century.Шаблон:Sfn

16th century

The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven burnt down in 1505, but was rebuilt.Шаблон:Sfn The Muscovite army destroyed and burnt Ašmena to the ground in 1519, during the Fourth Lithuanian–Muscovite War.Шаблон:Sfn The town was granted the Magdeburg rights in the 16th century.Шаблон:Sfn From 1566, Ašmena was the centre of the Шаблон:Interlanguage link.Шаблон:Sfn

Ashmyany did not recover as quickly as previously after 1519, and in 1537 the town was granted several royal privileges to facilitate its reconstruction.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1566, the town finally received Magdeburg rights, which were confirmed in 1683 (along with the privileges for the local merchants and burghers) by King John III Sobieski.Шаблон:Citation needed In the 16th century the town was one of the most notable centers of Calvinism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł founded a college and a church there.Шаблон:Citation needed

17th century

The Muscovite army occupied Ašmena in 1655.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the widespread destruction and impoverishment during the Deluge, the town was exempt from taxes in 1655, 1661 and 1667.Шаблон:Sfn In 1667, the Dominican Order Шаблон:Interlanguage link was built.Шаблон:Sfn

18th century

Файл:Coat of Arms Ashmiany 1792.png
Coat of arms, 1792

In 1792, King Stanisław August Poniatowski confirmed all previous privileges and the fact, that Oszmiany, as it was then called, was a free city, subordinate only to the king and the local city council. With this, the town received its first ever Coat of arms. Composed of three fields, it featured a shield, a hand holding scales and the bull from Ciołek coat of arms, the monarch's personal coat of arms.

During the Uprising of 1794, Ašmena was the site of the insurgent staff under Jokūbas Jasinskis.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, an insurgent group led by Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis was organised in the town.Шаблон:Sfn In 1795, the town was annexed by the Russian Empire in the last Partition of Poland–Lithuania. The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel burnt down in 1797 but was rebuilt.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Church of Franciscans, Ashmiany.jpg
Ruins of the Franciscan Church

19th century

The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven was also rebuilt in bricks in 1812; however, the church decayed over the 19th century.Шаблон:Sfn During the French invasion of Russia, the Grande Armée took over Ašmena in 1812, and during several battles, the town partially burnt down.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Coat of Arms of Ašmiany, Belarus, 1845.png
Russian coat of arms of the town of Oszmiana, created after the November Uprising

November Uprising (1830-1831)

During the November Uprising, it was liberated by the town's citizens, led by a local priest, Jasiński, and Colonel Count Karol Dominik Przeździecki.Шаблон:Citation needed However, in April 1831, in the face of a Russian offensive, the fighters were forced to withdraw to the Naliboki forest.Шаблон:Citation needed After a minor skirmish with Stelnicki's rearguard, the Russian punitive expeditionary force of some 1,500 officers and soldiers proceeded to burn the town and massacre the civilian population, including some 500 women, children and elderly, who sought refuge in the Dominican Catholic Church.Шаблон:Citation needed Even the local priest was murdered.Шаблон:Citation needed Nothing is known of the fate of Ashmyany's Jews.Шаблон:Citation needed In the Uprising of 1831, the Imperial Russian Army razed the town and massacred 150 locals in one of the town's churches.Шаблон:Sfn

Rebuilding

In 1845, as the town was rebuilding, it received a new coat of arms, in recognition of its population increase.Шаблон:Citation needed It never recovered from its earlier losses, and by the end of the 19th century it became rather a provincial town, inhabited primarily by Jewish immigrants from other parts of Russia 'beyond the Pale'.Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:Ashmiana catolic kostel4.jpg
Dominican Church of Saint Michael the Archangel

The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel was closed down in 1850, but rebuilt in 1900–10.Шаблон:Sfn In the late 19th century, a tavern was built and the Russian authorities built a Russian Orthodox church.Шаблон:Sfn

20th century

In 1912 the local Jewish community built a large synagogue.Шаблон:Citation needed

World War I

After the end of World War I and the withdrawal of the German army in 1919, Ashmyany was under Polish jurisdiction.Шаблон:Citation needed Bolshevik activity threatened the town. The Polish armed forces defended the town against the invading Bolsheviks, and there still exist graves of Polish soldiers who died in that struggle.Шаблон:Citation needed According to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed on 12 July 1920, Ašmena was part of Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Lithuanian territory was seized by the Polish Army that same year.Шаблон:Sfn After the Polish–Soviet War, Ashmyany was given to Poland by the Peace of Riga.

In interwar Poland

It was a county center, first of Wilno Land, then of Wilno Voivodeship during Polish rule. The town was capital of Oszmiana County. According to the census from 1931, Poles constituted 81% of the inhabitants of the Oszmiana County. On the other hand, Poles and Jews dominated the town of Oszmiana.

World War II

Soviet occupation

Following the Soviet-German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Soviet Union occupied the area until 1941.Шаблон:Sfn Ashmyany was given to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.Шаблон:Sfn Ashmyany was a raion center in Vileyka Region between 1939 and 1941.Шаблон:Citation needed At the very end of the Soviet occupation, on the night of June 22 and morning of June 23, 1941, the NKVD murdered and buried in one mass grave 57 Polish prisoners from Ashmyany.Шаблон:Citation needed

German occupation

During the Nazi occupation, which began June 25, 1941, the Jews of Ashmyany and their spiritual leader Rabbi Zew Wawa Morejno were ghettoized.Шаблон:Citation needed After the Wehrmacht drove out the Soviet occupiers, Ašmena was part of the Generalbezirk Litauen in Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941–1944.Шаблон:Sfn

Soviet reoccupation

On July 7, 1944, it was reoccupied by the Red Army during the Vilnius offensive. In 1945, the town was annexed by the USSR to the Byelorussian SSR. After 1944, the town was once more part of Vileyka Region, and between 1944 and 1960 it was incorporated into Molodechno Region until that region was disestablished. At that point Ashmyany became part of the Grodno Region, where it remains today.

Recent history

Since 1991, it has been a part of Belarus.

Climate

Шаблон:Weather box

Demography

Файл:Map of Ashmiany.svg
Map of Ashmyany

Landmarks

Файл:Ashmiany Panorama.jpg
Panorama view

Gallery

Miscellaneous

  • Alternate names: Oshmianka (Polish), Oszmiana, Aschemynne, Oshmyany, Ašmena, Oshmana, Oshmene, Oshmina, Osmiany, Oszmiana, Ozmiana, Osmiana, Oßmiana, Possibly Oschmjansky (Middle Ages maps)
  • Mentioned in: Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Volume II, Chapter VII.

Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Ashmyany has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.[3]

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Grodno Region Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок pop не указан текст
  3. ↑ Climate Summary for Ashmyany
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