Английская Википедия:Asian Highway Network
The Asian Highway Network (AH), also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to improve their connectivity via highway systems. It is one of the three pillars of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its 48th session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.
Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India (Look-East connectivity projects), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal and Bangladesh.[1] Most of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Singapore as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. Project Monitor, an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that "early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas, which are often negligible, are the other beneficiaries."[1]
However, in the mid-2000s some transportation expertsШаблон:Who were skeptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and Southeast Asia.[1]
History
The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960–1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.
ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.
The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 140,000 km (87,500 miles), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2013, 29 countries had ratified the agreement.[2]
Implications
The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways.[1] Infrastructure consultant Om Prakash noted that, "It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project."[1]Шаблон:Dubious
Future development plans
Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria (EU) west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has been spent or committed Шаблон:As of with additional US$18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to Шаблон:Convert of highway.[3]
Numbering and signage
The project new highway route numbers begin with "AH", standing for "Asian Highway", followed by one, two or three digits.[4] Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to major Asian Highway routes which cross more than one subregion.[4] Two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the routes within subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and self-contained highway routes within the participating countries.[4] Route numbers are printed in the Latin script and Hindu-Arabic numerals and may simply be added to existing signage, like the E-road network.[4]
The actual design of the signs has not been standardized, only that the letters and digits are in white or black, but the color, shape and size of the sign being completely flexible. Most examples feature a blue rectangular shield with a white inscription (similar to German Autobahn signage) with further examples of white on green and black on white rectangular shields.[1][4][5]
First entire car crossing
What is believed to be the first car crossing of the full extent (East to West) of the new Asian Highway was achieved by Britons Richard Meredith and Phil Colley in 2007 driving an Aston Martin.
Following the AH1 and the AH5 from Tokyo (the Highway grid's furthest point East) to Istanbul (furthest West), they drove a total of 12,089 km (7,511.8 miles) before joining the European motorway network for another 3,259 km (2,025 miles) to London.
Including ferry trips and customs clearance delays, the journey took 49 days and crossed 18 countries.
The completed route was verified by Aston Martin[6] and the UN's Asian Commission (UNESCAP) in Bangkok, whose director of transport and tourism Barry Cable confirmed "I can warrant that, to my best knowledge, this was the first car to undertake this journey".[7][8]
Eurowatch in London provided independent corroboration by tracking the car's location from satellite position reports and plotting the vehicle's location throughout the journey.[9][10]
Meredith, a travel author and veteran of distance-driving events, agreed to make the attempt after attending the Asian Highway Treaty's "coming into force" ceremony in Bangkok on 4 July 2005.
He was lent an Aston Martin V8 Vantage, which had previously been the personal transport of the company's chief executive Dr Ulrich Bez and recruited Phil Colley, a linguist and travel expert from Kennington, South London, to be his co-driver. The car was shipped out to Tokyo by the company and they set off on 25 June 2007.[11]
Although the trip was facilitated by UNESCAP through its member nations, there were still extensive problems[12] including enforced detours and interminable customs clearance delays in China, pot-holed roads in Kazakhstan and leaded-only fuel in Uzbekistan. In Tbilisi, Georgia, the journey car crashed after being left on a hillside with its handbrake unsecured.
When the record-setting car returned,[13][14] a welcome-home reception was staged by Aston Martin at the Park Lane Hotel in London and Meredith later received a civic award from his home town of Milton Keynes.[15][16][17]
The car was sold at auction in December 2007 by Bonhams[18] and the proceeds donated to UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund. In March 2008, a total collection of €83,000 was presented to UNICEF China for a campaign to reduce child deaths on the roads of Beijing.[19]
Routes
AH1 to AH9: Continent-Wide Routes
- Файл:Tabliczka AH1.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Tokyo, Japan – Bulgarian border, Turkey[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Border of Bulgaria – Kapıkule – Istanbul – Gerede – Ankara – Sivas – Refahiye – Aşkale – Doğubayazıt – Gürbulak –
- Шаблон:Flagg Bazargan – Ivughli – Tabriz – Qazvin – Tehran – Semnan – Damghan – Sabzevar – Mashhad – Dowqarun –
- Шаблон:Flagg Islam Qala – Herat – Delaram – Kandahar – Kabul – Torkham –
- Шаблон:Flagg Peshawar – Hassan Abdal – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Lahore – Wagah –
- Шаблон:Flagg Attari – New Delhi – Agra – Kanpur – Varanasi – Sasaram – Kolkata – Petrapole –
- Шаблон:Flagg Benapole – Jashore – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
- Шаблон:Flagg Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
- Шаблон:Flagg Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Myawaddy –
- Шаблон:Flagg Mae Sot – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Hin Kong – Kabin Buri – Aranyaprathet –
- Шаблон:Flagg Poipet – Phnom Penh – Bavet –
- Шаблон:Flagg Mộc Bài – Ho Chi Minh City – Biên Hòa (– Vũng Tàu) – Nha Trang – Hội An – Da Nang – Huế – Đông Hà – Vinh – Hanoi – Đồng Đăng – Hữu Nghị –
- Шаблон:Flagg Youyiguan – Nanning – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen – Шаблон:Flagg Hong Kong) – Xiangtan – Changsha – Wuhan – Xinyang – Zhengzhou – Shijiazhuang – Beijing – Shenyang – Dandong –
- Шаблон:Flagg Sinuiju – Pyongyang – Kaesong –
- Шаблон:Flagg Munsan – Seoul – Daejeon – Daegu – Gyeongju – Busan …
- Шаблон:Flagg Fukuoka – Tokyo
- Файл:Tabliczka AH2.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Denpasar, Indonesia – Khosravi, Iran[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Khosravi – Hamadan – Saveh – Salafchegan (– Tehran) – Yazd – Anar – Kerman – Zahedan – Mirjaveh –
- Шаблон:Flagg Taftan – Quetta – Rohri – Multan – Lahore – Wagah –
- Шаблон:Flagg Attari – New Delhi – Rampur – Banbasa –
- Шаблон:Flagg Bramhadev Mandi – Mahendranagar – Kohalpur – Narayangarh – Pathlaiya – Kakarbhitta –
- Шаблон:Flagg Siliguri –
- Шаблон:Flagg Banglabandha– Rangpur– Hatikumrul – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
- Шаблон:Flagg Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
- Шаблон:Flagg Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Kengtung – Tachilek –
- Шаблон:Flagg Mae Sai – Chiang Rai – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in – Bangkok – Hat Yai – Sadao –
- Шаблон:Flagg Bukit Kayu Hitam – Butterworth – Kuala Lumpur – Seremban – Johor Bahru –
- Шаблон:Flagg Singapore – Sengkang
- Шаблон:Flagg Jakarta (– Merak) – Cikampek (– Bandung) – Semarang – Surakarta – Surabaya – Denpasar
- Файл:Tabliczka AH3.svg – Шаблон:Convert:
- Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Ulan-Ude – Kyakhta –
- Шаблон:Flagg Altanbulag – Darkhan – Ulaanbaatar – Nalaikh – Choir – Sainshand – Zamyn-Üüd –
- Шаблон:Flagg Erenhot – Beijing – Tanggu
- Southern section: Shanghai, China – Chiang Rai, Thailand[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Shanghai – Hangzhou – Nanchang – Xiangtan – Guiyang – Kunming – Jinghong (– Daluo – Шаблон:Flagg Mong La – Keng Tung) – Mohan, Yunnan –
- Шаблон:Flagg Boten – Nateuy – Houayxay –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chiang Khong – Chiang Rai
- Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China[20]
- Файл:Tabliczka AH4.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Novosibirsk, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Novosibirsk – Barnaul – Tashanta –
- Шаблон:Flagg Ulaanbaishint – Khovd – Yarantai
- Шаблон:Flagg Ürümqi – Kashgar – Honqiraf –
- Шаблон:Flagg Khunjerab – Hassanabdal – Rawalpindi – Islamabad – Lahore – Multan – Rohri – Hyderabad – Karachi
- Файл:Tabliczka AH5.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Shanghai, China – Bulgarian border, Turkey[21]
- Шаблон:Flagg Border of Bulgaria – Kapikule – Istanbul – Gerede – Merzifon – Samsun – Trabzon – Sarp –
- Шаблон:Flagg Batumi – Poti – Senaki – (Port of Anaklia – Zugdidi bypass road – Samtredia) Khashuri – Mtskheta – Tbilisi –
- Шаблон:Flagg Red Bridge – Qazax – Ganja – Gazi Mammed – Alat – Baku …
- Шаблон:Flagg Turkmenbashi – Serdar – Ashgabat – Tejen – Mary – Turkmenabat – Farap –
- Шаблон:Flagg Ələt – Bukhara – Navoi – Samarkand – Syrdaria – Tashkent – Chernyavka –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chernyaevka – Shymkent – Merki –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chaldovar – Kara Balta – Bishkek –
- Шаблон:Flagg Kordai – Kaskelen – Almaty –
- Шаблон:Flagg Khorgas – Jinghe – Kuytun – Ürümqi – Turpan – Lanzhou – Xi'an – Xinyang – Nanjing – Shanghai
- Файл:Tabliczka AH6.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Busan, South Korea – Belarusian border, Russia[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Border of Belarus – Krasnoye – Moscow – Samara – Ufa – Chelyabinsk – Petukhovo –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chistoe – Petropavl – Karakoga –
- Шаблон:Flagg Isilkul – Omsk – Novosibirsk – Krasnoyarsk – Irkutsk – Ulan-Ude – Chita – Zabaykalsk –
- Шаблон:Flagg Manzhouli – Qiqihar – Harbin – Suifenhe –
- Шаблон:Flagg Pogranichny – Ussuriysk – Razdolnoye (– Vladivostok – Nahodka) – Khasan –
- Шаблон:Flagg Sonbong – Chongjin – Wonsan (– Pyongyang) –
- Шаблон:Flagg Goseong – Ganseong – Gangneung – Gyeongju – Busan
- Файл:Tabliczka AH7.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Yekaterinburg, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Yekaterinburg – Chelyabinsk – Troisk –
- Шаблон:Flagg Kaerak – Kostanai – Astana – Karaganda – Burubaital – Merke –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chaldovar – Kara-Balta – Osh Шаблон:Flagg–
- Шаблон:Flagg Andijon – Tashkent – Syrdaria – Khavast –
- Шаблон:Flagg Khujand – Dushanbe – Nizhniy Panj –
- Шаблон:Flagg Shirkhan – Pol-e Khomri – Jabal Saraj – Kabul – Kandahar – Spin Boldak –
- Шаблон:Flagg Chaman – Quetta – Kalat – Karachi
- Файл:Tabliczka AH8.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Finnish border, Russia – Bandar Emam, Iran[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Border of Finland – Torfyanovka – Vyborg – St. Petersburg – Moscow – Tambov – Borisoglebsk – Volgograd – Astrakhan – Khasavyurt – Mahachkala – Kazmalyarskiy –
- Шаблон:Flagg Samur – Sumgayit – Baku – Alat – Bilasuvar – Astara –
- Шаблон:Flagg Rasht – Qazvin – Tehran – Saveh – Ahvaz – Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
- Файл:Tabliczka AH9.svg – 9,222 km (5,730 mi)Шаблон:Citation needed: St. Petersburg, Russia – Lianyungang, China[21][22]
- Шаблон:Flagg St. Petersburg – Moscow – Ulyanovsk – Toliatti – Samara – Orenburg – Sagarchin –
- Шаблон:Flagg Zhaisan – Aktobe – Kyzylorda – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty –
- Шаблон:Flagg Khorgas – Urumqi – Lianyungang
AH10 to AH29: Southeast Asia Routes
- Файл:Tabliczka AH11.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Vientiane, Laos – Sihanoukville, Cambodia[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Vientiane – Ban Lao – Thakhek – Seno – Pakse – Veunkham – Tranpeangkreal –
- Шаблон:Flagg Stung Treng – Kratie – Phnom Penh – Sihanoukville
- Файл:Tabliczka AH12.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Nateuy, Laos – Hin Kong, Thailand[20]
- Файл:Tabliczka AH13.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Hanoi, Vietnam – Nakhon Sawen, Thailand[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Hanoi – Hoa Binh – Son La – Dien Bien – Tai Trang –
- Шаблон:Flagg Pang Hok – Muang Khoua – Oudomxai – Muang Ngeun –
- Шаблон:Flagg Huai Kon – Uttaradit – Phitsanulok – Nakhon Sawan
- Файл:Tabliczka AH14.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Hai Phong, Vietnam – Mandalay, Myanmar[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Hai Phong – Hanoi – Viet Tri – Lao Cai –
- Шаблон:Flagg Hekou – Kunming – Ruili –
- Шаблон:Flagg Muse – Lashio – Mandalay
- Файл:Tabliczka AH15.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Vinh, Vietnam – Udon Thani, Thailand[20]
- Файл:Tabliczka AH16.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Đông Hà, Vietnam – Tak, Thailand[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Đông Hà – Lao Bao –
- Шаблон:Flagg Densavanh – Seno – Savannakhet –
- Шаблон:Flagg Mukdahan – Khon Kaen – Phitsanulok – Tak
- Файл:Tabliczka AH17.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Đà Nẵng, Vietnam – Vũng Tàu, Vietnam[23][24]
- Шаблон:Flagg Đà Nẵng – Kon Tum – Pleiku – Ho Chi Minh – Vũng Tàu
- Файл:Tabliczka AH18.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Hat Yai, Thailand – Johor Bahru Causeway, Malaysia[20]
- Файл:Tabliczka AH19.svg – Шаблон:Convert: Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand – Bangkok, Thailand[20]
- AH21 – length unknown: Qui Nhơn, Vietnam – Serei Saophoan, Cambodia[21]
- Шаблон:Flagg Quy Nhon port – Pleiku – Le Thanh –
- Шаблон:Flagg O Yadav – Banlung – Stung Treng – Preah Vihear – Siem Reap – Serei Saophoan
- Файл:Tabliczka AH25.svg Trans-Sumatran Highway (Eastern Route) – Шаблон:Convert: Banda Aceh, Indonesia – Merak, Indonesia[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Banda Aceh – Medan – Tebingtinggi – Dumai – Pekanbaru – Jambi – Palembang – Tanjung Karang – Bakauheni … Merak
- Файл:Tabliczka AH26.svg Pan-Philippine Highway – Шаблон:Convert:[25] Laoag, Philippines – Zamboanga, Philippines[20]
- Шаблон:Flagg Laoag – Tuguegarao – Guiguinto – Quezon City (– Manila – Makati) – Makati – Calamba – Legazpi – Matnog … Allen – Tacloban (– Ormoc City … Cebu City) – Liloan … Surigao – Butuan – Davao (– Cagayan de Oro) – General Santos – Cotabato City – Zamboanga
AH30 to AH39: East Asia and Northeast Asia Routes
| Route No. | Distance | Start | End | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AH30 | 2,739 km (1712 miles) | Ussuriysk, Russia | Chita, Russia | |
| AH31 | 1,595 km (997 miles) | Belogorsk, Russia | Dalian, China | |
| AH32 | 3,748 km (2342.5 miles) | Sonbong, North Korea | Khovd, Mongolia | |
| AH33 | 575 km (359 miles) | Harbin, China | Tongjiang, China | Also known as G1011 |
| AH34 | 1,033 km (646 miles) | Lianyungang, China | Xi'an, China | |
| AH35 | 1,305 km (811 miles) | Undurkhaan, Mongolia | Jinzhou, China |
AH40 to AH59: South Asian Routes
| Route No. | Distance | Start | End |
|---|---|---|---|
| AH41 | 948 km (592.5 miles) | Teknaf, Bangladesh | Mongla, Bangladesh |
| AH42 | 3,754 km (2346 miles) | Lanzhou, China | Barhi, India |
| AH43 | 3,024 km (1892 miles) | Agra, India | Matara, Sri Lanka (Via) Rameswaram, TN, IN |
| AH44(A6) | 107 km (67 miles) | Dambulla, Sri Lanka | Trincomalee, Sri Lanka |
| AH45 | 2,030 km (1269 miles) | Kolkata, India | Chennai, TN, India |
| AH46 | 1,967 km (1,222 miles) | Hazira port, Surat, India | Howrah, India |
| AH47 | 2,057 km (1286 miles) | Gwalior, India | Bengaluru, Karnataka, India |
| AH48 | 276 km (171 miles) | Thimphu, Bhutan | Changrabandha, India |
| AH51 | 825 km (513 miles) | Peshawar, Pakistan | Quetta, Pakistan |
AH60 to AH89: North Asia, Central Asia and Southwest Asia Routes
| Route No. | Distance | Start | End |
|---|---|---|---|
| AH60 | 2,151 km (1344 miles) | Omsk, Russia (on AH6) | Burubaital, Kazakhstan (on AH7) |
| AH61 | 4,158 km (2599 miles) | Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH65) | border between Russia and Ukraine |
| AH62 | 2,722 km (1701 miles) | Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH64) | Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan (on AH76) |
| AH63 | 2,434 km (1521 miles) | Samara, Russia (on AH6) | Guzar, Uzbekistan (on AH62) |
| AH64 | 1,666 km (1041 miles) | Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH62) | Barnaul, Russia (on AH4) |
| AH65 | 1,250 km (781 miles) | Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH61) | Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62) |
| AH66 | 995 km (622 miles) | border between China and Tajikistan | Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62) |
| AH67 | 2,288 km (1430 miles) | Kuitun, China (on AH5) | Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan (on AH62) |
| AH68 | 278 km (174 miles) | Jinghe, China (on AH5) | Ucharal, Kazakhstan (on AH60) |
| AH70 | 4,832 km (3020 miles) | border between Ukraine and Russia | Bandar Abbas, Iran |
| AH71 | 426 km (266 miles) | Dilaram, Afghanistan (on AH1) | Dashtak, Iran (on AH75) |
| AH72 | 1,147 km (717 miles) | Tehran, Iran (on AH1/AH2/AH8) | Bushehr, Iran |
| AH75 | 1,871 km (1169 miles) | Tejen, Turkmenistan (on AH5) | Chabahar, Iran |
| AH76 | 986 km (616 miles) | Puli Khumri, Afghanistan (on AH7) | Herat, Afghanistan (on AH1/AH77) |
| AH77 | 1,298 km (811 miles) | Jabal Saraj District, Afghanistan (on AH7) | Mary, Turkmenistan (on AH5) |
| AH78 | 1,076 km (672.5 miles) | Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (on AH5) | Kerman, Iran (on AH2) |
| AH81 | 1,143 km (714 miles) | Larsi, Georgia | Aktau, Kazakhstan (on AH70) |
| AH82 | 1,261 km (788 miles) | border between Russia and Georgia | Ivughli, Iran (on AH1) |
| AH83 | 172 km (107.5 miles) | Qazakh, Azerbaijan (on AH5) | Yerevan, Armenia (on AH81/AH82) |
| AH84 | 1,188 km (742.5 miles) | Doğubeyazıt, Turkey (on AH1) | İçel, Turkey |
| AH85 | 338 km (211 miles) | Refahiye, Turkey (on AH1) | Merzifon, Turkey (on AH5) |
| AH86 | 247 km (154 miles) | Askale, Turkey (on AH1) | Trabzon, Turkey (on AH5) |
| AH87 | 606 km (378.75 miles) | Ankara, Turkey (on AH1) | İzmir, Turkey |
| AH88[21] | 1,700 km (1050 miles)[26] | Chabahar, Iran (on AH75) | Bandar Imam Khomeini, Iran (on AH8) |
AH100 to AH299: ASEAN Southeast Asia Routes
These routes were set up by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as part of an extension to the Asian Highway Network, known as the ASEAN Highway Network.[23][24]
Distance by country or region
The planned network runs a total of Шаблон:Convert.
See also
- Other intercontinental highway systems: International E-road network, Pan-American Highway, Arab Mashreq International Road Network and Trans-African Highway network
- Trans-Asian Railway
- Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
- G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
- Seikan Tunnel
- One Belt, One Road
- Eurasian Land Bridge
- Bering land bridge
- Hippie trail
References
External links
- The project homepage Шаблон:Webarchive
- Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network
- Asia signs up to 'new Silk Road' BBC News report (April 26, 2004)
- UNESCAP press release announcing treaty
- 2003 Asian Highway Handbook
- Pakistan's Gwadar to Afghanistan, China road declared Asian Highway
- Driven Together, Historic first crossing of Asia's new Highway to the West
- Asian Highway Network Details
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Kamat, Rahul The Great Asian Highway Шаблон:Webarchive, Project Monitor website, 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web.
- ↑ "Priority Investment Needs for the Development for the Asian Highway Network" Шаблон:Webarchive, accessed July 14, 2007
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Newswire Шаблон:Webarchive, Tourism Commission of the International Geographical Union website. Retrieved 2009-05-05;
- ↑ McCartan, Brian Roadblocks on the Great Asian Highway, Asia Times website, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05;
- ↑ Letter 2007-07-09 Janette Green, Director Brand Communications, Aston Martin, Gaydon CV35 0DB, England
- ↑ Letter 2007-18-10 Barry Cable, Director Transport & Tourism Division, United Nations ESCAP (Economic & Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific), Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
- ↑ (2008) Driven Together Published by Mercury Books on behalf of Word Go Ltd. Page vi (Шаблон:ISBN)
- ↑ Tracking and map log Letter and data 2007-28-09 Dr Sebastian Archer, Solutions ARchitect, EurowatchCEntral Ltd, London EC4Y 0HB.
- ↑ Driven Together - Outside Back Cover.
- ↑ Aston Martin on the Asia-Pacific Highway AutoRacing.com, 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2010-01-01
- ↑ Driven Together - Various
- ↑ Reuters Aston Martin drivers set Asian Highway record NZ Herald, 2007-15-08. Retrieved 2010-01-01
- ↑ Wilkinson, Stephen Hammer Down on Asia's Interstate Highways Шаблон:Webarchive Concierge.com, 2007-23-08. Retrieved 2010-01-01
- ↑ British Pair Drive Aston Martin into the Record Books Шаблон:Webarchive Aston Martin, 2007-14-08. Retrieved 2010-01-01
- ↑ Milton Keynes Citizen 2007-13-09 "Aston adventurer safely home" Page 26
- ↑ MK News 2007-12-09 "Records shattered on drive home from Japan" Page 22
- ↑ Record-Breaking Aston Martin to be Sold Шаблон:Webarchive Bonhams, 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2010-01-01
- ↑ Milton Keynes Citizen 2008-11-03 "Aston adventure" Page 2
- ↑ 20,00 20,01 20,02 20,03 20,04 20,05 20,06 20,07 20,08 20,09 20,10 20,11 20,12 20,13 20,14 20,15 20,16 20,17 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Asian Highway Network
- Road transport in Asia
- International road networks
- United Nations Economic and Social Council
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
