Английская Википедия:Assibilation

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Sound change Шаблон:IPA notice In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant. It is a form of spirantization and is commonly the final phase of palatalization.

Arabic

A characteristic of Mashreqi varieties of Arabic (particularly Levantine and Egyptian) is to assibilate the interdental consonants of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) in certain contexts (defined more culturally than phonotactically). Thus, Шаблон:Transliteration, pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink in MSA, becomes Шаблон:IPAblink (as MSA Шаблон:IPA → Levantine Шаблон:IPA "culture"); Шаблон:Transliteration, pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink in MSA, becomes Шаблон:IPAblink (as MSA Шаблон:IPA → Levantine Шаблон:IPA "guilt"); and Шаблон:Transliteration, pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink in MSA, becomes Шаблон:IPAblink (as MSA Шаблон:IPA → Levantine Шаблон:IPA "lucky").

Diachronically, the phoneme represented by the letter Шаблон:Transliteration has, in some dialects, experienced assibilation as well. The pronunciation in Classical Arabic is reconstructed to have been Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPAblink (or perhaps both dialectically); it is cognate to Шаблон:IPAblink in most other Semitic languages, and it is understood to be derived from that sound in Proto-Semitic. It has experienced extensive change in pronunciation over the centuries, and is pronounced at least six different ways across the assorted varieties of Arabic. A common one is Шаблон:IPAblink, the result of a process of palatalization starting with Proto-West Semitic Шаблон:IPAblink, then Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPAblink, then Шаблон:IPAblink (a pronunciation still current) and finally Шаблон:IPAblink (in Levantine and non-Algerian Maghrebi). The last pronunciation is considered acceptable for use in MSA, along with Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.

Bantu languages

In the history of several Bantu groups, including the Southern Bantu languages, the Proto-Bantu consonant *k was palatalised before a close or near-close vowel. Thus, the class 7 noun prefix *kɪ̀- appears in e.g. Zulu as isi-, Sotho as se-, Venda as tshi- and Shona as chi-.

Finnic languages

Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian and their closest relatives) had Шаблон:IPA changed to Шаблон:IPA. The alternation can be seen in dialectal and inflected word forms: Finnish Шаблон:Lang "to deny" → Шаблон:Lang ~ Шаблон:Lang "s/he denied"; Шаблон:Lang "water" vs. Шаблон:Lang "as water".

An intermediate stage Шаблон:IPA is preserved in South Estonian in certain cases: tsiga "pig", vs. Finnish Шаблон:Lang, Standard (North) Estonian Шаблон:Lang.

Germanic languages

In the High German consonant shift, voiceless stops Шаблон:IPA spirantized to Шаблон:IPA at the end of a syllable. The shift of Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA (as in English water, German Шаблон:Lang) is assibilation.

Assibilation occurs without palatalization for some speakers of African American Vernacular English in which Шаблон:IPA is alveolarized to Шаблон:IPA when it occurs at the end of a syllable and within a word before another consonant, leading to such pronunciations as the following:

bathroom	- Шаблон:IPA
birthday	- Шаблон:IPA

The slang Шаблон:Wikt-lang in African-American Vernacular English popularized to American English by Ty Dolla Sign's eponymous song may have been formed by analysis of an assibilated /d/ phoneme preceding /æ/ in the first syllable of Шаблон:Wikt-lang by the subject girl in question who "wanna come to Cali / brown skin, from Miami".

Greek

In Proto-Greek, the earlier combinations *ty, *t^hy and *dy assibilated to become alveolar affricates, *ts and *dz, in what is called the first palatalization. Later, a second round of palatalization occurred and initially produced geminate palatal *ťť and *ďď from various consonants, followed by *y. The former was depalatalised to plain geminate tt in some dialects and was assibilated to ss in others. The latter evolved into an affricate dz in all Greek dialects:

• Шаблон:PIE -> PG Шаблон:Transliteration > Homeric Шаблон:Transliteration > Attic Шаблон:Transliteration "this much" (Latin Шаблон:Lang)
• Шаблон:PIE > PG Шаблон:Transliteration > Homeric Шаблон:Transliteration > Attic Шаблон:Transliteration "middle" (Latin Шаблон:Lang)

Some Greek dialects later underwent yet another round of assibilation. Шаблон:PIE shifted to Шаблон:IPA finally in Attic and Ionic but not in Doric.

• Doric Шаблон:Transliteration – Attic-Ionic Шаблон:Transliteration "he/she places"

Romance languages

The word "assibilation" itself contains an example of the phenomenon, as it is pronounced Шаблон:IPAc-en. The Classical Latin Шаблон:Lang was pronounced Шаблон:IPA (for example, Шаблон:Lang was pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA). However, in Vulgar Latin, it assibilated to Шаблон:IPA, which can still be seen in Italian: Шаблон:Lang.

In French, lenition then gave Шаблон:IPA (like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA)., which was further palatalized in the English derived words to Шаблон:IPA (like attention Шаблон:IPA).

Most dialects of Quebec French apply a more recent assibilation to all dental plosive consonants immediately before high front vowels and associated semivowels, so that the sequences Шаблон:IPA become pronounced Шаблон:IPA respectively.

Assibilation can occur in some varieties of Spanish such as in Ecuador and Mexico. It is closely related to the phonetic term sibilation.

Slavic languages

Шаблон:Main Palatalization effects were widespread in the history of Proto-Slavic. In the first palatalization, various consonants were converted into postalveolar fricatives and affricates, while in the second and third palatalizations, the results were alveolar.

Some Slavic languages underwent yet another round of palatalisation. In Polish, in particular, dental consonants became alveolo-palatal fricatives and affricates when followed by a front vowel.

See also

• Assimilation (linguistics)