Английская Википедия:Astronomical symbols
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use mdy dates
Шаблон:Special characters Astronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyrus texts of late antiquity. The Byzantine codices in which many Greek papyrus texts were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols.[2][3] New symbols have been invented to represent many planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th to the 21st centuries.
These symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, alchemists, and astrologers. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent,[4] with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes.
Unicode has encoded many of these symbols, mainly in the Miscellaneous Symbols,[5] Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows,[6] Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs,[7] and Alchemical Symbols blocks.[8]
Symbols for the Sun and Moon
The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray (old sun symbol) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.[3] The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance.[3]
-
The symbol for the Sun in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts[9]
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The symbol for the Moon in a medieval Byzantine manuscript (11th c.). The late Classical appearance was similar.[9]
In modern academic writing, the Sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the Sun.[10] Teff☉ represents the solar effective temperature, and the luminosity, mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants (Шаблон:Solar luminosity, Шаблон:Solar mass, and Шаблон:Solar radius, respectively) as units of measurement.[11][12][13][14]
| Referent | Symbol | Unicode code point |
Unicode display |
Represents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sun | Sol [15][16] |
U+2609 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | Standard astronomical symbol |
| Sol [3] |
U+1F71A Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | the Sun with one ray | |
| Sun with face [17][18] |
U+1F31E Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | the face of the Sun or "Sun in splendor" |
Symbols for the planets
Symbols for the classical planets appear in many medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.[2] The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts.[9] The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus.[9] According to A.S.D. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets; Bianchini's planisphere, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century, produced in the 2nd century,[27] shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.[28]
A diagram in Byzantine astronomer Johannes Kamateros's 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter Zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark at the bottom of the modern versions of the symbols for Mercury and Venus. These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be "an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods."[28]
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The symbol for Mercury in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts[9]
-
The symbol for Venus in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts[9]
-
The symbol for Mars in late Classical (6th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts[9]
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The symbol for Jupiter in late Classical (4th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts[9]
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The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts – cf. kappa-rho, Шаблон:Angbr[9]
The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. One symbol, Uranus, invented by J. G. Köhler and refined by Bode, was intended to represent the newly discovered metal platinum; since platinum, commonly called white gold, was found by chemists mixed with iron, the symbol for platinum combines the alchemical symbols for the planetary elements iron, ♂, and gold, ☉.[29][30] Another symbol, Uranus, was suggested by Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande in 1784. In a letter to William Herschel, Lalande described it as "un globe surmonté par la première lettre de votre nom" ("a globe surmounted by the first letter of your name").[31] Today, Köhler's symbol is more common among astronomers, and Lalande's among astrologers, although it is not uncommon to see each symbol in the other context.[32]
Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune[33] and the symbol of a trident,[34] while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes.[33] In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago,[35] who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (proposed symbol for planet Leverrier).[36] However, this suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France.[35] French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.[37] Professor James Pillans of the University of Edinburgh defended the name Janus for the new planet, and proposed a key for its symbol.[34] Meanwhile, German-Russian astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve presented the name Neptune on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences.[38] In August 1847, the Bureau des Longitudes announced its decision to follow prevailing astronomical practice and adopt the choice of Neptune, with Arago refraining from participating in this decision.[39]
The International Astronomical Union discourages the use of these symbols in journal articles, though they do occur.[40] In certain cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables, the IAU Style Manual permits certain one- and (to disambiguate Mercury and Mars) two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets.[41]
Planets Planet IAU
abbreviationSymbol Unicode
code pointUnicode
displayRepresents Mercury H, Me Mercury
[15][42]U+263F
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize Mercury's caduceus, with a cross[9] Venus V Venus
[15][42]U+2640
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize Perhaps Venus's necklace or a (copper) hand mirror, with a cross[21][42] Earth E Earth
[15][42]U+1F728
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize the four quadrants of the world, divided by the four rivers descending from Eden[43]Шаблон:Efn Earth
[15][21][22]U+2641
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize a globus cruciger Mars M, Ma Mars
[15][42]U+2642
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize Mars's shield and spear[21][42] Jupiter J Jupiter
[15][42]U+2643
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize the letter Zeta with an abbreviation stroke (for Zeus, the Greek equivalent to the Roman god Jupiter)[9] Saturn S Saturn
[15][42]U+2644
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize the letters kappa-rho with an abbreviation stroke (for Kronos, the Greek equivalent to the Roman god Saturn), with a cross[9] Uranus U Uranus
[29][30]U+26E2
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize symbol of the recently described element platinum, which was invented to provide a symbol for Uranus[29][30] Uranus
[22][23][42]U+2645
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize a globe surmounted by the letter H (for Herschel, who discovered Uranus)[31]
(more common in older or British literature)Neptune N Neptune
[15][23]U+2646
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize Neptune's trident Neptune (alternate symbol)
[36][42]U+2BC9
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize a globe surmounted by the letters "L" and "V", (for Le Verrier, who discovered Neptune)[36][42]
(more common in older, especially French, literature)
Symbols for asteroids
Following the discovery of Ceres in 1801 by the astronomer and Catholic priest Giuseppe Piazzi, a group of astronomers ratified the name, which Piazzi had proposed. At that time, the sickle was chosen as a symbol of the planet.[45]
The symbol for 2 Pallas, the spear of Pallas Athena, was invented by Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, who organized a group of twenty-four astronomers to search for a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The symbol was introduced by von Zach in 1802.[46] In a letter to von Zach, discoverer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (who had discovered and named Pallas) expressed his approval of the proposed symbol, but wished that the handle of the sickle of Ceres had been adorned with a pommel instead of a crossbar, to better differentiate it from the sign of Venus.[46]
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Symbols for Ceres and Pallas, as rendered in 1802
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Symbol for Juno, as rendered in 1804 with the available type sorts of an asterisk * and a rotated dagger †
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Symbol for Vesta, as rendered in 1807
German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding created the symbol for 3 Juno. Harding, who discovered this asteroid in 1804, proposed the name Juno and the use of a scepter topped with a star as its astronomical symbol.[47]
The symbol for 4 Vesta was invented by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Olbers, having previously discovered and named 2 Pallas, gave Gauss the honor of naming his newest discovery. Gauss decided to name the new asteroid for the goddess Vesta, and also designed the symbol (Vesta): the altar of the goddess, with the sacred fire burning on it.[48][49][50] Other contemporaneous writers use a more elaborate symbol (VestaVesta) instead.[51][52]
Karl Ludwig Hencke, a German amateur astronomer, discovered the next two asteroids, 5 Astraea (in 1845) and 6 Hebe (in 1847). Hencke requested that the symbol for 5 Astraea be an upside-down anchor;[53] however, a weighing scale was sometimes used instead.[16][54] Gauss named 6 Hebe at Hencke's request, and chose a wineglass as the symbol.[55][56]
As more new asteroids were discovered, astronomers continued to assign symbols to them. Thus, 7 Iris (discovered 1847) had for its symbol a rainbow with a star;[57] 8 Flora (discovered 1847), a flower;[57] 9 Metis (discovered 1848), an eye with a star;[58] 10 Hygiea (discovered 1849), an upright snake with a star on its head;[59] 11 Parthenope (discovered 1850), a standing fish with a star;[59] 12 Victoria (discovered 1850), a star topped with a branch of laurel;[60] 13 Egeria (discovered 1850), a buckler;[61] 14 Irene (discovered 1851), a dove carrying an olive branch with a star on its head;[62] 15 Eunomia (discovered 1851), a heart topped with a star;[63] 16 Psyche (discovered 1852), a butterfly wing with a star;[64] 17 Thetis (discovered 1852), a dolphin with a star;[65] 18 Melpomene (discovered 1852), a dagger over a star;[66] and 19 Fortuna (discovered 1852), a star over Fortuna's wheel.[66]Шаблон:Efn
In most cases the discovery reports only describe the symbols and do not draw them; from Hygiea onward, there are significant glyph variants as well as a significant delay between the discovery and the symbols having been communicated to the astronomical community as a whole.[67][68] Consequently, astronomical publications were not always complete.[44] The discovery reports for Melpomene[69] and Fortuna[70] do not even describe the symbols, which only appear in a later reference work by the discoverer;[66] the symbols are drawn in the reports for Astraea,[53] Hebe,[55] and Thetis.[65] Benjamin Apthorp Gould criticised the symbols in 1852 as being often inefficient at suggesting the bodies they represented and difficult to draw, and pointed out that the symbol that had been described for Irene had to his knowledge never actually been drawn.[71] The same year, John Russell Hind expressed the contrary view that the symbols were easier to remember than the numbers, but also admitted that the names were more commonly used than either the numbers or the symbols.[66]
The last edition of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch (BAJ, Berlin Astronomical Yearbook) to use asteroid symbols was for the year 1853, published in 1850: although it includes eleven asteroids up to Parthenope, it only includes symbols for the first nine (up to Metis), noting that the symbols for Hygiea and Parthenope had not yet been made definitively known.[67] The last edition of the British The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris to include asteroid ephemerides was that for 1855, published in 1852: despite fifteen asteroids being known (up to Eunomia), symbols are only included for the first nine.[72]
Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the BAJ for the year 1854, published in 1851. He introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols, although his numbering began with Astraea, the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols.[16] This symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community. The following year (1852), Astraea's number was bumped up to 5, but Ceres through Vesta were not listed by their numbers until the 1867 edition.[16] The Astronomical Journal edited by Gould adopted the symbolism in this form, with Ceres at 1 and Astraea at 5.[71] This form had previously been proposed in an 1850 letter by Heinrich Christian Schumacher to Gauss.[68] The circle later became a pair of parentheses, which were easier to typeset,[44] and the parentheses were sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades.[16] Thus the iconic asteroid symbols fell out of use; reference works continued giving them for the next few decades, though they often noted them as being obsolete.[44]
A few asteroids were given symbols by their discoverers after the encircled-number notation became widespread. 26 Proserpina (discovered 1853), 28 Bellona (discovered 1854), 35 Leukothea (discovered 1855), and 37 Fides (discovered 1855), all discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther, were assigned, respectively, a pomegranate with a star inside;[73] a whip and spear;[74] an antique lighthouse;[75] and a cross.[76] These symbols were drawn in the discovery reports. 29 Amphitrite was named and assigned a shell for its symbol by George Bishop, the owner of the observatory where astronomer Albert Marth discovered it in 1854, though the symbol was not drawn in the discovery report.[77]
All these symbols are rare or obsolete in modern astronomy, though NASA has used Ceres' symbol when describing the dwarf planets,[78] and Psyche's symbol may have influenced the design of the insignia for the Psyche mission.[44] The major use of symbols for minor planets today is by astrologers, who have invented symbols for many more objects, though they sometimes use symbols that differ from the historical symbols for the same bodies.[79]
Table
| Asteroid | Symbol | Unicode code point |
Unicode display |
Represents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Ceres | 1 Ceres [16][22][42] |
U+26B3 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | A scythe.[42] In some fonts, the symbol for Saturn is the inverse. |
| 2 Pallas | 2 Pallas [46] |
U+26B4 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | A spear.[46][54] In modern renditions, the spearhead has a broader or narrower diamond shape. In 1802, it was given a cordate leaf shape. A variation has a triangular head, conflating it with the alchemical symbol for sulfur. |
| 2 Pallas [46] | ||||
| 3 Juno | 3 Juno [47][80] |
U+26B5 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a scepter topped with a star[47] |
| 3 Juno [42][81] | ||||
| 4 Vesta | 4 Vesta [48] |
U+1F777 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | The temple hearth with the sacred fire of Vesta. The original form was a box with what looks like the horns of Aries on top.[48][50] |
| 4 Vesta4 Vesta [16][54][81] |
An early elaborate form is an altar surmounted with a censer holding the sacred fire.[48][50] | |||
| 4 Vesta [50] |
U+26B6 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | The modern V-shaped form dates from astrological use in the 1970s; it is an abbreviation of the above.[48][50] | |
| 5 Astraea | 5 Astraea [53][54] |
U+1F778 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | an inverted anchor[53][82] |
| 5 Astraea (alternate symbol) 5 Astraea (alternate symbol) [83] |
U+2696 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a weighing scale[42][54] | |
| 6 Hebe | 6 Hebe [55][84][85] |
U+1CEC0 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | A wineglass. Originally typeset as a triangle ∇ set on a base ⊥.[55] |
| 6 Hebe [16][42][54] | ||||
| 7 Iris | 7 Iris [16][42] |
U+1CEC1 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a rainbow with a star inside it[57] |
| 7 Iris [57][66] | ||||
| 8 Flora | Файл:Flora symbol (fixed width).svg Файл:Flora symbol (simple, fixed width).svg [16][54] |
U+1CEC2 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a flower[57] |
| 9 Metis | 9 Metis [16][42][54] |
U+1CEC3 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | an eye with a star above it[58] |
| 10 Hygiea | 10 Hygiea [59][66] |
U+1F779 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a serpent with a star (from the Bowl of Hygiea U+1F54F 🕏)[59] |
| 10 Hygiea [16][54] |
U+2695 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a Rod of Asclepius. Cf. the modern astrological symbol U+2BDA ⯚, a caduceus (often confused with the Rod of Asclepius)[79] | |
| 11 Parthenope | 11 Parthenope [16][59] |
U+1CEC4 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a fish with a star. This is the original symbol from the brief period when this asteroid was known and astronomers were still using iconic symbols.[59] |
| 11 Parthenope [83] |
U+1F77A Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a lyre. This symbol only appears in later 19th-century reference works that appeared when iconic symbols for asteroids had already become obsolete.[44] | |
| 12 Victoria | 12 Victoria [16][54] |
U+1CEC5 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a star with a branch of laurel[60] |
| 12 Victoria [86] | ||||
| 13 Egeria | Файл:Egeria symbol (original, fixed width).svg [86] |
U+1CEC6 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a buckler[61] |
| 13 Egeria [66] | ||||
| 14 Irene | 14 Irene [83] |
U+1CEC7 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a dove carrying an olive-branch in its mouth and a star on its head[62] |
| 15 Eunomia | 15 Eunomia [16][54] |
U+1CEC8 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a heart with a star on top[63] |
| 16 Psyche | 16 Psyche [66] |
U+1CEC9 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a butterfly's wing and a star[64] |
| 17 Thetis | Файл:Thetis symbol (fixed width).svg [65] |
U+1CECA Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a dolphin and a star[65] |
| 18 Melpomene | 18 Melpomene [66] |
U+1CECB Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a dagger over a star[66] |
| 19 Fortuna | 19 Fortuna [66] |
U+1CECC Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a star over a wheel[66] |
| 26 Proserpina | 26 Proserpina [73] |
U+1CECD Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a pomegranate with a star inside it[73] |
| 28 Bellona | 28 Bellona [74] |
U+1CECE Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | Bellona's whip / morning star and spear[74] |
| 29 Amphitrite | 29 Amphitrite [86] |
U+1CECF Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a "shell".[77] There is no mention of a star in the original description, but the only 19th-century drawing of the symbol includes one.[44] |
| 35 Leukothea | 35 Leukothea [75] |
U+1CED0 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a pharos (ancient lighthouse)[75] |
| 37 Fides | 37 Fides [76] |
U+271D Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a Latin cross[76][86] |
Symbols for trans-Neptunian objects
Pluto's name and symbol were announced by the discoverers on May 1, 1930.[87] The symbol, a monogram of the letters PL, could be interpreted to stand for Pluto or for Percival Lowell, the astronomer who initiated Lowell Observatory's search for a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto has an alternative symbol consisting of a planetary orb over Pluto's bident: it is more common in astrology than astronomy, and was popularised by the astrologer Paul Clancy,[88] but has been used by NASA to refer to Pluto as a dwarf planet.[78] There are a few other astrological symbols for Pluto that are used locally.[88] Pluto also had the IAU abbreviation P when it was considered the ninth planet.[41]
The other large trans-Neptunian objects were only discovered around the dawn of the 21st century. They were not generally thought to be planets on their discovery, and planetary symbols had in any case mostly fallen out of use among astronomers by then. Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts,[89] proposed astronomical symbols for the dwarf planets Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggong.[90][89] These symbols are somewhat standard among astrologers (e.g. in the program Astrolog),[91] which is where planetary symbols are most used today. Moskowitz has also proposed symbols for Varuna, Ixion, and Salacia, and others have done so for additional TNOs, but there is little consistency between sources.[90]
NASA has used Moskowitz's symbols for Haumea, Makemake, and Eris in an astronomical context, and Unicode labels the symbols for Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, and Orcus (added to Unicode in 2022) as "astronomy symbols".[89] Therefore, symbols mentioned in the Unicode proposal for Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, and Orcus have been shown below to fill out the list of named TNOs down to 600 km diameter, even though not all of them are actually attested in astronomical use. (Grundy et al. suggest 600 to 700 km diameter as a speculative upper limit for a trans-Neptunian object to retain substantial pore space.)[92]
| Object | Symbol | Unicode code point |
Unicode display |
Represents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20000 Varuna | Varuna [90] |
Шаблон:N/A | Шаблон:N/A | based on the Devanagari character "Va" (व) and the snake-lasso Varuna is said to carry[90] |
| 28978 Ixion | Ixion [90] |
Шаблон:N/A | Шаблон:N/A | based on the letters I and X for Ixion, plus the rim of the wheel that Ixion was bound to in Hades[90] |
| Ixion [90] |
Шаблон:N/A | Шаблон:N/A | a variant, substituting a Greek capital xi (Ξ) for the X[90] | |
| 50000 Quaoar | Quaoar [90] |
U+1F77E Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a Q for Quaoar combined with a canoe, stylised to resemble the sharp rock art of the Tongva[90] |
| 90377 Sedna | Sedna [90] |
U+2BF2 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a monogram of the Inuktitut syllabics for "sa" and "n", as Sedna's Inuit name is "Sanna" (ᓴᓐᓇ)[93] |
| 90482 Orcus | Orcus [90] |
U+1F77F Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | an O-R monogram for Orcus, stylised to resemble a skull and an orca's grin[90] |
| 120347 Salacia | Salacia [90] |
— | — | a stylized hippocamp (mer-horse)[90] |
| Salacia | ||||
| 134340 Pluto | Pluto [15] |
U+2647 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a P-L monogram for Pluto and Percival Lowell |
| Pluto [78] |
U+2BD3 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a planetary orb over Pluto's bident | |
| 136108 Haumea | Haumea [78] |
U+1F77B Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | conflation of Hawaiian petroglyphs for woman and birth, as Haumea was the goddess of both[90] |
| 136199 Eris | Eris [78] |
U+2BF0 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | the Hand of Eris, a traditional symbol from Discordianism (a religion worshipping the goddess Eris)[50] |
| 136472 Makemake | Makemake [78] |
U+1F77C Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | engraved face of the Rapa Nui god Makemake, also resembling an M[90] |
| 174567 Varda | Varda [90] |
U+2748 Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | a gleaming star, as Varda was the creator of the stars |
| 225088 Gonggong | Gonggong [90] |
U+1F77D Шаблон:Small |
Шаблон:Resize | Chinese character 共 gòng (the first character in Gonggong's name), combined with a snake's tail[90] |
| 229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà | Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà [90] |
Шаблон:N/A | Шаблон:N/A | an aardvark, representing the beautiful aardvark girl Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà[90] |
Symbols for zodiac and other constellations
The zodiac symbols have several astronomical interpretations. Depending on context, a zodiac symbol may denote either a constellation, or a point or interval on the ecliptic plane.
Lists of astronomical phenomena published by almanacs sometimes included conjunctions of stars and planets or the Moon; rather than print the full name of the star, a Greek letter and the symbol for the constellation of the star was sometimes used instead.[94][95] The ecliptic was sometimes divided into 12 signs, each subdivided into 30 degrees,[96][97] and the sign component of ecliptic longitude was expressed either with a number from 0 to 11.[98] or with the corresponding zodiacal symbol.[97]
In modern astronomical writing, all the constellations, including the twelve of the zodiac, have dedicated three-letter abbreviations, which specifically refer to constellations rather than signs.[99] The zodiac symbols are also sometimes used to represent points on the ecliptic, particularly the solstices and equinoxes. Each symbol is taken to represent the "first point" of each sign, rather than the place in the visible constellation where the alignment is observed.[100][101] Thus, ♈︎ the symbol for Aries, represents the March equinox;Шаблон:Efn ♋︎, for Cancer, the June solstice;Шаблон:Efn ♎︎, for Libra, the September equinox;Шаблон:Efn and ♑︎, for Capricorn, the December solstice.Шаблон:Efn
Although the use of astrological sign symbols is rare, the particular symbol ♈︎ for Aries, is an exception; it is commonly used in modern astronomy to represent the location of the (slowly) moving reference point for the ecliptic and equatorial celestial coordinate systems.
Ophiuchus has been proposed as a thirteenth sign of the zodiac by astrologer Walter Berg in 1995, who gave it a symbol that has become popular in Japan.
Constellation IAU
abbreviationSymbol Translation Unicode
code pointUnicode
displayOphiuchus Oph[41] Ophiuchus
[5]the Serpent-holder[102] U+26CE
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize
None of the constellations have official symbols. However, occasional symbols for the modern constellations, as well as older ones that occur in modern nomenclature, have appeared in publication. The symbols below were devised by Denis Moskowitz (except those for the thirteen constellations already listed above).[103]
- Andromeda Файл:Andromeda symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Antlia Файл:Antlia symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Apus Файл:Apus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Aquarius Файл:Aquarius symbol (fixed width).svg
- Aquila Файл:Aquila symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Ara Файл:Ara symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Argo Navis Файл:Argo Navis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Aries Файл:Aries symbol (fixed width).svg
- Auriga Файл:Auriga symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Boötes Файл:Bootes symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Caelum Файл:Caelum symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Camelopardalis Файл:Camelopardalis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Cancer Файл:Cancer symbol (fixed width).svg
- Canes Venatici Файл:Canes Venatici symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Canis Major Файл:Canis Major symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Canis Minor Файл:Canis Minor symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Capricornus Файл:Capricornus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Cassiopeia Файл:Cassiopeia symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Centaurus Файл:Centaurus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Cepheus Файл:Cepheus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Cetus Файл:Cetus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Chamaeleon Файл:Chamaeleon symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Circinus Файл:Circinus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Columba Файл:Columba symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Coma Berenices Файл:Coma Berenices symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Corona Australis Файл:Corona Australis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Corona Borealis Файл:Corona Borealis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Corvus Файл:Corvus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Crater Файл:Crater symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Crux Файл:Crux symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Cygnus Файл:Cygnus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Delphinus Файл:Delphinus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Dorado Файл:Dorado symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Draco Файл:Draco symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Equuleus Файл:Equuleus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Eridanus Файл:Eridanus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Fornax Файл:Fornax symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Gemini Файл:Gemini symbol (fixed width).svg
- Grus Файл:Grus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Hercules Файл:Hercules symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Horologium Файл:Horologium symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Hydra Файл:Hydra symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Hydrus Файл:Hydrus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Indus Файл:Indus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Lacerta Файл:Lacerta symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Leo Файл:Leo symbol (fixed width).svg
- Leo Minor Файл:Leo Minor symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Lepus Файл:Lepus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Libra Файл:Libra symbol (fixed width).svg
- Lupus Файл:Lupus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Lynx Файл:Lynx symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Lyra Файл:Lyra symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Mensa Файл:Mensa symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Microscopium Файл:Microscopium symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Monoceros Файл:Monoceros symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Musca Файл:Musca symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Norma Файл:Norma symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Octans Файл:Octans symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Ophiuchus Файл:Ophiuchus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Orion Файл:Orion symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Pavo Файл:Pavo symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Pegasus Файл:Pegasus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Perseus Файл:Perseus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Phoenix Файл:Phoenix symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Pictor Файл:Pictor symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Pisces Файл:Pisces symbol (fixed width).svg
- Piscis Austrinus Файл:Piscis Austrinus symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Pyxis Файл:Pyxis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Quadrans Muralis Файл:Quadrans Muralis symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Reticulum Файл:Reticulum symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Sagitta Файл:Sagitta symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Sagittarius Файл:Sagittarius symbol (fixed width).svg
- Scorpius Файл:Scorpius symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Sculptor Файл:Sculptor symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Scutum Файл:Scutum symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Serpens Файл:Serpens symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Sextans Файл:Sextans symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Taurus Файл:Taurus symbol (fixed width).svg
- Telescopium Файл:Telescopium symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Triangulum Файл:Triangulum symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Triangulum Australe Файл:Triangulum Australe symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Tucana Файл:Tucana symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Ursa Major Файл:Ursa Major symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Ursa Minor Файл:Ursa Minor symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Virgo Файл:Virgo symbol (fixed width).svg
- Volans Файл:Volans symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
- Vulpecula Файл:Vulpecula symbol (Moskowitz, fixed width).svg
Other symbols
Symbols for aspects and nodes appear in medieval texts, although medieval and modern usage of the node symbols differ; the modern ascending node symbol (☊) formerly stood for the descending node, and the modern descending node symbol (☋) was used for the ascending node.[3] In describing the Keplerian elements of an orbit, ☊ is sometimes used to denote the ecliptic longitude of the ascending node, although it is more common to use Ω (capital omega, and inverted ℧), which were originally typographical substitutes for the astronomical symbols.[104]
The symbols for aspects first appear in Byzantine codices.[3] Of the symbols for the five Ptolemaic aspects, only the three displayed here — for conjunction, opposition, and quadrature — are used in astronomy.[105]
Symbols for a comet (☄) and a star (Файл:Astronomical symbol for star.svg) have been used in published astronomical observations of comets. In tables of these observations, ☄ stood for the comet being discussed and Файл:Astronomical symbol for star.svg for the star of comparison relative to which measurements of the comet's position were made.[106]
Other symbols Referent Symbol Unicode
code pointUnicode
displayascending node ascending node
[15][22]U+260A
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize descending node descending node
[15][22]U+260B
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize conjunction conjunction
[22][23]U+260C
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize opposition opposition
[22][23]U+260D
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize occultation occultation
[107]U+1F775
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize a lunar eclipse,
or any body in the
shadow of another[108]lunar eclipse
[107]U+1F776
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize quadrature quadrature
[22][23]U+25A1, U+25FB
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize, Шаблон:Resize comet comet comet
[22][86][106]U+2604
Шаблон:SmallШаблон:Resize star star
[22][86][106](various)Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Resize planetary rings
(rare)planetary rings
[109]Шаблон:NA Шаблон:NA
See also
- Astrological symbols
- Alchemical symbols
- Maya calendar for the logograms used in Maya astronomy
- Solar symbol
- Zodiac
Footnotes
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 5,12 5,13 5,14 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,00 15,01 15,02 15,03 15,04 15,05 15,06 15,07 15,08 15,09 15,10 15,11 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 16,00 16,01 16,02 16,03 16,04 16,05 16,06 16,07 16,08 16,09 16,10 16,11 16,12 16,13 16,14 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The American Practical Navigator, chapter 13, 'Navigational Astronomy'
- ↑ Text display is forced by appending U+FE0E to the character. Emojis are forced by appending U+FE0F.
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 22,00 22,01 22,02 22,03 22,04 22,05 22,06 22,07 22,08 22,09 22,10 22,11 22,12 22,13 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 23,6 23,7 23,8 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Jim Maynard, Celestial Calendars
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 35,0 35,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ E.g. p. 10, fig. 3 in Chen & Kipping (2017) Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds, The Astrophysical Journal, 834: 1.
- ↑ 41,00 41,01 41,02 41,03 41,04 41,05 41,06 41,07 41,08 41,09 41,10 41,11 41,12 41,13 41,14 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 42,00 42,01 42,02 42,03 42,04 42,05 42,06 42,07 42,08 42,09 42,10 42,11 42,12 42,13 42,14 42,15 42,16 42,17 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Unicode characters with a similar shape:
:U+2295 ⊕ CIRCLED PLUS;
:U+2A01 ⨁ N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR; U+1F310 🌐︎ GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS - ↑ 44,0 44,1 44,2 44,3 44,4 44,5 44,6 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокastunicodeне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 46,0 46,1 46,2 46,3 46,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 48,2 48,3 48,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 50,0 50,1 50,2 50,3 50,4 50,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 54,00 54,01 54,02 54,03 54,04 54,05 54,06 54,07 54,08 54,09 54,10 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 55,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 57,0 57,1 57,2 57,3 57,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 59,0 59,1 59,2 59,3 59,4 59,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 60,0 60,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 61,0 61,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 62,0 62,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 63,0 63,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 64,0 64,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 65,0 65,1 65,2 65,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 66,00 66,01 66,02 66,03 66,04 66,05 66,06 66,07 66,08 66,09 66,10 66,11 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 67,0 67,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 68,0 68,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 71,0 71,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 73,0 73,1 73,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 74,0 74,1 74,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 76,0 76,1 76,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 77,0 77,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 78,0 78,1 78,2 78,3 78,4 78,5 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 79,0 79,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 81,0 81,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Österreichischer Universal-Kalender, 1849, p. xxxix
- ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 86,0 86,1 86,2 86,3 86,4 86,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ 88,0 88,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 89,0 89,1 89,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 90,00 90,01 90,02 90,03 90,04 90,05 90,06 90,07 90,08 90,09 90,10 90,11 90,12 90,13 90,14 90,15 90,16 90,17 90,18 90,19 90,20 90,21 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 97,00 97,01 97,02 97,03 97,04 97,05 97,06 97,07 97,08 97,09 97,10 97,11 97,12 97,13 97,14 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book The 1834 edition of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris abandoned the use of numerical signs (among other innovations); compare the representation of (ecliptic) longitude in the editions for the years 1834 and 1833.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 102,00 102,01 102,02 102,03 102,04 102,05 102,06 102,07 102,08 102,09 102,10 102,11 102,12 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 106,0 106,1 106,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 107,0 107,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ For example, Io entering Jupiter's shadow, the timing of which enabled Rømer to calculate the speed of light.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Astronomical symbols
- Astronomical nomenclature
- Lists of symbols
- Heraldic charges
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
- Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях
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